Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1845Template:Snd3 June 1927), was a British statesman who served successively as Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

In 1917, during the First World War, he wrote the "Lansdowne letter", advocating in vain a compromise peace. A millionaire, he had the distinction of having held senior positions in Liberal and Conservative Party governments.<ref name=Debrett/>

Lansdowne House, England, London seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne

Early years, 1845–1882

Bowood House, estate inherited by Lansdowne

A great-grandson of British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne (later 1st Marquess of Lansdowne) and the eldest son of Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne, and his wife, Emily, 8th Lady Nairne (née de Flahaut), Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice was born in 1845 at Lansdowne House, their family seat in London.<ref name="Lansdowne Irish1">Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2009). Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith Petty, Dictionary of Irish Biography</ref> His maternal grandfather, Count Charles de Flahaut, was an important French general to Napoleon Bonaparte, and a member of his family. He fought along his side during many battles and later occupied the functions of Ambassador and Senator of the Empire. Through his mother Emily, Lansdowne was half-nephew of Emperor Napoleon III, a step-grandson of Queen Hortense Bonaparte, and a great-grandson of Prince Talleyrand, the Emperor's foreign minister.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His maternal great-grandfather, George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, was also the Admiral who prevented Napoleon's escape from France after the Battle of Waterloo, and who received and supervised his final exile to St. Helena in 1815.<ref>Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1746-1823, 1st Viscount Keith</ref>

Lord Lansdowne was a member of the Fitzmaurice/Petty-Fitzmaurice family, a cadet branch of the House of FitzGerald of Ireland.<ref name="canadaehx.com">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Canadian History Ehx.</ref><ref>Wright, C. J. (2005), Holland House (act. 1797–1845), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> He held the courtesy title Viscount Clanmaurice from birth to 1863 and then the courtesy title Earl of Kerry until he succeeded as Marquess of Lansdowne in 1866. Upon his mother's death in 1895, he succeeded her as the 9th Lord Nairne in the Peerage of Scotland. He was estimated to be the sixteenth richest peer in the United Kingdom, and the fourth largest landowner.<ref name="Lansdowne Irish1"/>

After studying at Eton and Oxford, he succeeded his father as 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom) and 6th Earl of Kerry (in the Peerage of Ireland) at the relatively early age of 21 on 5 June 1866.<ref name=Debrett/> He inherited a vast estate (including Bowood House, a Wiltshire estate of over 142,000 acres) and great wealth.<ref>The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland</ref> At one of his inherited properties, Derreen House (Lauragh, County Kerry, in the present-day Republic of Ireland), Lord Lansdowne started to develop a great garden from 1871 onwards. For most of the rest of his life, he spent three months of the year at Derreen.

Lord Lansdowne entered the House of Lords as a member of the Liberal Party in 1866. He served in William Ewart Gladstone's government as a Lord of the Treasury from 1869 to 1872 and as Under-Secretary of State for War from 1872 to 1874. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for India in 1880 and, having gained experience in overseas administration, was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1883, replacing John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, the son-in-law of Queen Victoria.<ref name=Debrett/> The present-day town of Lansdowne, in Uttarakhand, India, was established in 1887 and named after him.

He was a member and trustee of Brooks's Club in London, along notable members such as Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire of Chatsworth House, Lord Rosebery of Mentmore Towers, and Baron Lionel de Rothschild of Tring Park, son of Nathan Mayer of Gunnersbury Park, and grandson of Mayer Amschel, founder of the House of Rothschild.<ref>London Metropolitan Archives, Brooks's Club</ref> His great-grandfather, Lord Shelburne, had previously founded Boodle's Club, which had as members Adam Smith, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill, and Ian Fleming, among others, and is now the second oldest club in the world.<ref>Society of Architectural Historians, Sahara Highlights: Clubs, Jacqueline Spafford and Mark Hinchman, SAHARA Co-Editors, 2022</ref>

In 1897, he also became a founding trustee of the National Gallery of British Art, with the Earl of Carlisle of Castle Howard, Lord Brownlow of Belton House, Alfred de Rothschild of Halton House, Sir Charles Tennant of Glen House, John Postle Heseltine of Walhampton House, and Sir John Murray Scott.<ref>Art for the Nation: Exhibitions and the London Public, 1747-2001, Manchester University Press, Brandon Taylor, 1999, p. 119</ref>

Governor General of Canada, 1883–1888

Lord Lansdowne was Governor General during turbulent times in Canada. His Protestant Irish connections made him unpopular with the Catholic Irish element.<ref>Donald Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain (1955) 2: 355–56.</ref> He was appointed GCMG in January 1884.<ref>The Knights of England</ref>

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's government was in its second term and facing allegations of scandal over the building of the railway (the Pacific Scandal), and the economy was once again sliding into recession. The North-West Rebellion of 1885 and the controversy caused by its leader, Louis Riel, posed a serious threat to the equilibrium of Canadian politics.<ref name=dcb/> To calm the situation, he travelled extensively throughout Western Canada in 1885 and met many of Canada's First Nations peoples. He publicly objected to the treatment of the Indigenous by Indian Agents, and supported Chiefs Crowfoot and Poundmaker.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca">Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5e marquis de</ref> His experiences in Western Canada gave Lansdowne a great love of the Canadian outdoors and the physical beauty of Canada. He was an avid fisherman and was intensely interested in winter sports. His love of the wilderness and the Canadian countryside led him to purchase a second residence (first Cascapedia House, built in 1880, later renamed Lorne Cottage, and then New Dereen Camp, built in 1884<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) on the Cascapédia River in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec.<ref name=dcb>Template:Cite DCB</ref> The same area was previously used by the past Viceroy of Canada, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, and his wife, Princess Louise, the daughter of Queen Victoria.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

Lansdowne proved to be an adept statesman in helping to settle a dispute over fishing rights between Canada and the United States in 1886–1887.<ref name=dcb/> He successfully negotiated a new trade agreement with U.S. President Grover Cleveland (though it later failed to pass in the Senate). He was also a supporter of scientific development and presided over the inaugural session of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1884. In Quebec, he was very popular, as he spoke French fluently, which gained him the admiration of French-Canadians, and a big round of applause during his first speech.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/> His French came from his maternal grandfather, Count Charles de Flahaut, who had been a French general to Napoleon Bonaparte. Lord Lansdowne also made multiple speeches at the Citadelle of Quebec, near Château Frontenac, and joined the Montreal Winter Carnival, making him and his wife, the first vice-royal couple to skate at that event.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

Lansdowne departed Canada "with its clear skies, its exhilarating sports, and within the bright fire of Gatineau logs, with our children and friends gathered round us" to his regret.<ref name=dcb/> He gave his wife a great deal of the credit for his success in Canada. One of her happiest and most successful endeavours at Rideau Hall was a party that she threw for 400 Sunday school children. Lady Lansdowne was decorated with the Order of Victoria and Albert and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. Lord Lansdowne's military secretary, Lord Melgund, later became Lord Minto and served as Governor General between 1898 and 1904. Parc Lansdowne and Lansdowne Avenue in Westmount, Montreal, next to Westmount Park, was named in his honor, as well as Lansdowne Ridge and Upper-Lansdowne, both located on Westmount's summit next to Villa Sainte-Marcelline and Saint Joseph's Oratory.<ref>Coupe Grey : la fascinante histoire du parc Lansdowne</ref><ref name="canadaehx.com"/>

Viceroy of India, 1888–1894

Lord Lansdowne was appointed Viceroy of India the same year that he left Canada. In December 1888 he was appointed GCSI <ref>The Knights of England</ref> and GCIE <ref>The Knights of England</ref> The office, which he held from 1888 to 1894,<ref name=Debrett/> was offered to him by the Conservative prime minister, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury of Hatfield House, and marked the pinnacle of his career. He worked to reform the army, police, local government and the mint. There was an Anglo-Manipur War in 1890 in which Manipur was subjugated. Lansdowne secured the death penalty for the instigator in the face of considerable opposition from Britain. His attempt in 1893 to curtail trial by jury was, however, overruled by home government. He returned to England in 1894. His policies exacerbated tensions between Hindu and Muslims.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Secretary of State for War, 1895–1900

Upon his return, as a Liberal Unionist, he aligned with the Conservative Party. Prime Minister Lord Salisbury appointed Lansdowne to the post of Secretary of State for War in June 1895. The unpreparedness of the British Army during the Second Boer War brought calls for Lansdowne's impeachment in 1899. His biographer, P. B. Waite, considers that he was unjustly criticised for British military failures, but ever the good minister, he took full responsibility and said nothing.<ref name=Debrett/><ref name=dcb/> Simon Kerry has argued that due to the lack of Parliamentary interest and political rivalries the War Office and Army were unreformable.<ref>Lord Lansdowne at the War Office (1895-1900)</ref>

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1900–1905

Template:Main After the Unionist victory in the general election of October 1900, Salisbury reorganised his cabinet, gave up the post of Foreign Secretary and appointed Lansdowne to replace him.<ref name=Debrett/> Lansdowne remained at the Foreign Office under Salisbury's successor Arthur Balfour. As British Foreign Secretary, he approved of protectorate Commissioner Wilson's 1901 Anglo-Ankole agreement in Uganda, he also signed the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance at his London home, the back half of which still exists as the Lansdowne Club, and negotiated the 1904 Anglo-French Entente Cordiale with French Foreign Minister Theophile Delcassé.<ref>G. P. Gooch, Before the War: Studies in Diplomacy (vol 1 1936), pp. 1–86 online</ref>

According to G. W. Monger's summary of the Cabinet debates in 1900 to 1902:

Chamberlain advocated ending Britain's isolation by concluding an alliance with Germany; Salisbury resisted change. With the new crisis in China caused by the Boxer rising and Landsdowne's appointment to the Foreign Office in 1900, those who advocated a change won the upper hand. Landsdowne in turn attempted to reach an agreement with Germany and a settlement with Russia but failed. In the end Britain concluded an alliance with Japan. The decision of 1901 was momentous; British policy had been guided by events, but Lansdowne had no real understanding of these events. The change of policy had been forced on him and was a confession of Britain's weakness.<ref>G. W. Monger, "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900-1902" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society vol. 13, 1963, pp. 103–21 online</ref>

Big Revolver

On 15 June 1903, he made a speech in the House of Lords defending fiscal retaliation against countries with high tariffs and governments subsidising products for sale in Britain (known as 'bounty-fed products', also called dumping). Retaliation was to be done by threatening to impose tariffs in response against that country's goods. His Liberal Unionists had split from the Liberals, who promoted Free Trade, and the speech was a landmark in the group's slide towards protectionism. Landsdowne argued that threatening retaliatory tariffs was similar to getting respect in a room of armed men by showing a big revolver (his exact words were "a rather larger revolver than everybody else's"). The "Big Revolver" became a catchphrase of the day and was often used in speeches and cartoons.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Unionist leader in Lords

The Marquess of Lansdowne by Philip Alexius de László, 1920

In 1903, Lord Lansdowne became the leader of Unionists (Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers) in the House of Lords.<ref name=Debrett/><ref name=dcb/> This was followed shortly by the Liberal victory in the January 1906 general elections. In his new role as head of the opposition peers, he was instrumental in the Unionist leader Arthur Balfour's plans to obstruct Liberal policies through the Unionist majority in the upper house. Although he and Balfour had some misgivings, he led the Lords to reject the People's Budget of 1909. After the Liberals won two elections in 1910 on the pledge to reform the House of Lords and to remove its veto power and after a series of failed negotiations in which Lansdowne was of key importance, the Liberals moved forward to end the Lords veto, if necessary by recommending to the King to create hundreds of new Liberal peers. Lansdowne and the other Conservative leaders were anxious to prevent such an action by allowing the bill, distasteful as they found it, to pass, but soon, Lansdowne found that he could not count on many of the more reactionary peers, who planned on a last-ditch resistance. Ultimately, enough Unionist peers either (like Lansdowne himself) abstained from the vote ("hedgers") or even voted for the bill ("rats") to ensure its passage into the Parliament Act 1911.

In the following years, Lansdowne continued as Opposition Leader in the Lords, his stature increasing when Balfour, the party leader in the Commons, resigned and was replaced by the inexperienced Bonar Law, who had never held cabinet office. In 1914, the suffragettes Flora Drummond and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as Norah Elam) besieged Lansdowne's home and argued that Ulster's incitement to militancy had passed without notice, but suffragettes were charged and imprisoned.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1915, Lansdowne joined the wartime coalition cabinet of H. H. Asquith as a Minister without Portfolio but was not given a post in the Lloyd George government formed the following year, despite Conservative pre-eminence in that government. In 1917, having discussed the idea with colleagues for some time with no response, he published the controversial "Lansdowne letter", which called for a statement of postwar intentions from the Entente Powers, and an end to the war on the basis of a return to the status quo ante. He was criticised as acting contrary to cabinet policy.<ref>Harold Kurtz, "The Lansdowne Letter", History Today 18.2 (1968): 84–92.</ref><ref>Douglas Newton, "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany." Australian Journal of Politics & History 48.1 (2002): 16–39.</ref><ref>"Branded a traitor for just seeking peace- a Tory statesman became a pariah when he wrote to The Times calling for an end to the Great War" The Times issue no 72,390 (dated Saturday 25 November 2017), p. 37.</ref>

Death

Lord Lansdowne died at Clonmel, Ireland on 3 June 1927 at the age of 82.<ref name="dcb" /> The probate on his estate was granted with the value sworn at Template:GBP in land and another £233,888 in other assets.<ref name="pr">https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk Calendar of Probates and Administrations</ref> His widow died in 1932, and their tombs are in the churchyard at Derry Hill, near their Bowood estate in Wiltshire.<ref>Template:National Heritage List for England</ref>

Family

Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, Marchioness of Lansdowne by Cowell, Simla, India

Henry Petty-FitzMaurice married Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, a daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn and his wife Lady Lady Louisa Jane Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford in 1869. The couple had four children:<ref name=Debrett/>

• Lady Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice (27 August 1870Template:Snd2 April 1960), married Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire.
• Henry William Edmund Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1872Template:Snd5 March 1936), was cousin of Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, cousin of Winston Churchill and husband of Consuelo Vanderbilt.
• Lord Charles George Francis Petty-Fitzmaurice (12 February 1874Template:Snd30 October 1914), his widow, Baroness Violet Astor, remarried to John Jacob Astor V.
• Lady Beatrix Frances Petty-Fitzmaurice (25 March 1877Template:Snd5 August 1953),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> married firstly Henry Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford and secondly Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans.

Honorific eponyms

Lord Lansdowne Public School and its famous Template:Why stone at Robert Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Geographic locations:

• Template:Flagicon The town of Lansdowne in India
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Toronto
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Sudbury
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Park, Ottawa
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Peterborough
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Sarnia
• Template:Flagicon New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Campbellton
• Template:Flagicon New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Fredericton
• Template:Flagicon Quebec: (Upper) Lansdowne Avenue, Westmount
• Template:Flagicon Saskatchewan: Lansdowne Avenue, Imperial
• Template:Flagicon: Mount Lansdowne, Yukon Template:Coord
• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Road, Kolkata, India.
• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne, Nova Scotia
• Template:Flagicon British Columbia:Lansdowne Road, Saanich

Schools:

• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Public School, Sudbury
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lord Lansdowne Public School, Toronto
• Template:Flagicon Manitoba: Lansdowne Public School, Winnipeg
• Template:Flagicon Ontario: Lansdowne Public School, Sarnia

Bridge:

• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Bridge, Rohri, Sindh, Pakistan – a rigid girder bridge built 1879–1887 used by railway traffic

Buildings:

• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Building, Mysore, Karnataka, India, c. 1892 – a market being repaired and restored after a partial collapse in 2012
• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Court, Kolkata, India – residential development
• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Hall, Cooch Behar, India – Community Hall, Library, Masonic Purposes. now Cooch Behar District Magistrate's Office

Market:

• Template:Flagicon Lansdowne Market, Kolkata, India.

Station:

• Lansdowne (TTC), Toronto
• Lansdowne station (SkyTrain), Vancouver

Education:

• McGill University, Montreal, 1884, honorific Doctor of law<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

Further reading

• Cohen, Avner. "Joseph Chamberlain, Lord Lansdowne and British Foreign Policy 1901–1903: From Collaboration to Confrontation". Australian Journal of Politics and History 43.2 (1997): 122+.
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• Gooch, G. P. Before the war: studies in diplomacy (vol 1 1936) pp. 1–86. online scholarly biography of Lansdowne, stressing foreign policy.
• Grenville, J. A. S. "Lansdowne's Abortive Project of 12 March 1901 for a Secret Agreement with Germany". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 27#76 (November 1954): 201–213.
• Grenville, John Ashley Soames. "Great Britain and the Isthmian Canal, 1898–1901." American Historical Review 61.1 (1955): 48-69. online
• Jeshurun, Chandran. "Lord Lansdowne and the 'Anti-German Clique' at the Foreign Office: Their Role in the Making of the Anglo-Siamese Agreement of 1902." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3.2 (1972): 229–246 online.
• Keohane, Nigel. The Party of Patriotism: The Conservative Party and the First World War (Routledge, 2016).
• Kerry, Simon. Lansdowne: The Last Great Whig (2018), Template:ISBN, Template:OCLC, scholarly biography. Online review (Wall Street Journal).
• Kurtz, Harold. "The Lansdowne Letter, November 1917". History Today Vol. 18, No. 2 (February 1968): 84–92
• McKercher, B. J. C. "Diplomatic Equipoise: The Lansdowne Foreign Office The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and The Global Balance of Power". Canadian Journal of History 24.3 (1989): 299–340.
• Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War (Random House, 1991) excerpt see Dreadnought (book), popular history; pp. 337–350.
• Monger, George W. "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900–1902" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13 (1963): 103–121. online
  • Monger, George. The End of Isolation; British Foreign Policy, 1900–1907 (Nelson, 1963).
• Mulligan, William. "From Case to Narrative: The Marquess of Lansdowne, Sir Edward Grey, and the Threat from Germany, 1900–1906." International History Review 30.2 (2008): 273–302.
• Newton, Douglas. "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany". Australian Journal of Politics & History 48.1 (2002): pp. 16–39.
• Newton, Lord. Lord Lansdowne: A Biography (Macmillan, 1929) online.
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Winters, Frank Winfield. "Gentlemen's diplomacy: the foreign policy of Lord Lansdowne, 1845–1927". (PhD Diss. Texas A & M University, 2006) online.
• Template:Cite book

External links

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• 1903 World's Work illustrated article with photo of Petty-Fitzmaurice