Herta Oberheuser

Herta Oberheuser (15 May 1911 – 24 January 1978) was a German Nazi physician and convicted war criminal who performed medical atrocities on prisoners at the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For her role in the Holocaust, she was sentenced to 20 years in prison at the Doctors' Trial, but served only five years of her sentence. A survivor of Ravensbrück called Oberheuser "a beast masquerading as a human".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Education and Nazi Party membership

In 1937, Oberheuser obtained her medical degree at the University of Bonn, Germany, having specialized in dermatology.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> She had a residency in the department of dermatology of the University of Düsseldorf.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Soon thereafter she joined the Nazi Party as an intern, and later served as doctor for the League of German Girls.<ref name=":0"/> During this period, she wrote a number of antisemitic tracts that would subsequently be entered into evidence at her trial.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1940, Oberheuser was appointed to serve as an assistant to Karl Gebhardt, then Chief Surgeon of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Heinrich Himmler's personal doctor.<ref name=":0"/>

War crimes

Oberheuser and Gebhardt were posted to Ravensbrück in 1942 in order to conduct experiments on its prisoners, with an emphasis on finding better methods of treating infection.<ref name=":0"/> The experiments were performed by a group of doctors and nurses known as the 'Hohenlychen group',<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> so named because they had worked at the SS sanatorium at Hohenlychen.<ref name=heller>Template:Cite book</ref> The group conducted gruesome medical experiments, without anaesthetic, such as infecting wounds with rusty nails, broken shards of glass, dirt or sawdust; treating purposely infected wounds with sulphonamide;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and removing or amputating bone, muscle, and nerve tissue to study regeneration.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The experiments were conducted on 86 women, 74 of whom were Polish political prisoners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Five of the prisoners died as a direct result of the experiments<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Półtawska, W. (6 September 2016) "Experimental operations at Ravensbrück concentration camp." In Bałuk-Ulewiczowa, T., trans. Medical Review – Auschwitz. https://www.mp.pl/auschwitz. Originally published as “Operacje doświadczalne w obozie koncentracyjnym Ravensbrück.” Przegląd Lekarski – Oświęcim. pp. 90–97. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</ref> and those who survived were often crippled for life.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> They were cruelly referred to not as human beings but as "guinea pigs" or "rabbits".<ref>Galberg, Jenna. (2020) "The 'Rabbits' of Ravensbrück: Medical Experimentation at the Nazi Concentration Camp for Women". Undergraduate Honors Theses. William & Mary. Paper 1572.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oberheuser "did a great deal of the actual work".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her duties included conducting humiliating gynaecological examinations on women arriving at the camp,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> selecting young, healthy Polish inmates for the human experiments to be conducted on,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> infecting wounds, and assisting in all surgical procedures.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She was also one of the group members responsible for post operative care of the victims, but is recalled by witnesses as having done not much other than making the injuries worse.<ref name=":1" /> For example, one survivor Stefania Lotocka remembers Oberheuser refusing to provide water to many victims and, when she did, mixing it with vinegar.<ref name=":1" /> She also ordered that victims were not to be given medicine to relieve their pain. Oberheuser later tried to justify her inhumane actions and claimed that Germans had the right to experiment, because the victims were members of the Polish underground resistance against the Nazi Regime.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Trial

File:Oberheuser during sentencing.jpg

Oberheuser during sentencing to 20 years of imprisonment, Doctors' trial, Nuremberg, August 1947

When 22 medical staff from the concentration camps were on trial in the Nuremberg "Doctors' trial" in 1948, Oberheuser was the only female defendant.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She commented of her gender that "being a woman didn't stop me being a good National Socialist. I think female National Socialists were every bit as valuable as men in keeping alive what we believe."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She and the other members of the 'Hohenlychen group' had initially been captured by the British, but the Nuremberg Military Tribunal negotiated their transfer to U.S. custody to stand trial.<ref name=heller/>

Oberheuser pleaded not guilty at her trial, but admitted in her affidavit that "I have myself dispensed five or six injections."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Like the other defendants, she denied having taken part in the mass killing of Jews.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She was convicted of war crimes<ref name=heller/> and crimes against humanity and sentenced to 20 years in prison.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Her sentence was commuted to 10 years in January 1951.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She benefited from the massive protests by West German citizens and politicians over the upcoming executions of the remaining 28 war criminals who were on death row under U.S. military law<ref name="LawHealth1992">Template:Cite book</ref> and from directly petitioning the Advisory Board.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later life

Oberheuser served her sentence at Landsberg Prison, and was released after just five years<ref name=":3" /> in April 1952 for good behaviour. She became a family doctor in Stocksee, near Kiel, in West Germany.<ref name=":0" /> She lost her position in August 1958 after a Ravensbrück survivor recognized her, and the interior minister of Schleswig-Holstein, Helmut Lemke, revoked her medical license and shut down her practice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Oberheuser appealed to the Schleswig-Holstein administrative court, which rejected the appeal in December 1960. She never practiced medicine again and was fined.<ref name="hippocrate_aux_enfers">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She died in a German nursing home in 1978.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" />

Representations in popular culture

• Herta is a central character in the novel Lilac Girls of Ravensbrück by Martha Hall Kelly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

External links

• Testimony of Helena Hegier, prisoner of Ravensbruck, about medical experiments conducted by Oberheuser.
• Paulina Fronczak: Doktor Herta Oberheuser i jej działalność medyczna w KL Ravensbrück w świetle zeznań świadków i ofiar eksperymentów . Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica. Nr 96 (2016).