Hibiscus syriacus
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Hibiscus syriacus is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is native to areas of east Asia, but widely introduced elsewhere, including much of Europe and North America. It was given the epithet syriacus because it had been collected from gardens in Syria.<ref>Lawton, B.P. 2004. Hibiscus – hardy and tropical plants for the garden. Timber Press, Portland, OR</ref><ref>Walker, J. 1999. Hibiscus. Cassel, London, England.</ref><ref>Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Hibiscus".</ref> Common names include the rose of Sharon<ref>Template:PLANTS</ref> (especially in North America), Syrian ketmia,<ref name=BSBI07>Template:BSBI 2007</ref> shrub althea<ref name="Hibiscus syriacus">Template:Cite web</ref> (or simply althea<ref>"Landscape Shrubs: Althea, Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)." Cooperative Extension Service. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</ref><ref name="Welch">Template:Citation</ref>), Korean rose and rose mallow (in the United Kingdom). It is the national flower of South Korea and is mentioned in the South Korean national anthem.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Description
Hibiscus syriacus is a hardy deciduous shrub. It is upright and vase-shaped, reaching Template:Convert in height, bearing large trumpet-shaped flowers with prominent yellow-tipped white stamens.<ref name=RHSAZ>Template:Cite book</ref> The flowers are often pink in color, but can also be dark pink (almost purple), light pink or white. Individual flowers are short-lived, lasting only a day. However, numerous buds produced on the shrub's new growth provide prolific flowering over a long summer blooming period. The soil in which the Hibiscus thrives is moist but well-drained, and organically rich.<ref name="White Chiffon">Template:Cite web</ref> Hibiscus syriacus is highly tolerant of air pollution, heat, humidity, poor soil and drought.<ref name="White Chiffon" /> The species has naturalized very well in many suburban areas and might even be termed slightly invasive, so frequently does it seed.<ref name=NCState>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Growth
The branches are thin and gray, white-lenticeled, with raised leaf scars and small buds. Stems and branches do not branch very much unless pruned, resulting in many long, straight stems that originate from about Template:Convert above the ground, giving rise to the shrub's overall vase shape.<ref name="Web 2017">Template:Cite web</ref> The leaves appear unusually late in the season, in May.<ref name = Tele/> They are usually green or yellowish green, alternate, broadly ovate, palmately veined, and Template:Convert long. They have three distinct lobes with coarsely-toothed margins.
Flowers
Hibiscus syriacus has 5-petaled flowers (to Template:Convert diameter)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> in solid colors of white, red, purple, mauve, violet, or blue, or bicolors with a different colored throat, depending upon the cultivar. Extending from the base of these five petals is the pistil at the center, with the stamen around it. These basic characteristics give the H. syriacus flower and its many variants their distinctive form. The plant can bloom continuously from July through September,<ref name=":0" /> usually at night. With maturity, flexible plant stems become weighted under the load of prolific summer flowers, and bend over halfway to the ground.
Fruits and seeds
Most modern cultivars are virtually fruitless. The fruits of those that have them are green or brown, unornamental 5-valved dehiscent capsules, which persist throughout much of the winter. They split over the course of the dormant season and spread their easily germinating seeds around the base of the parent plant, thus forming colonies with time.<ref name="Web 2017"/>
Cultivation
Though it has no fall color and can be stiff and ungainly if badly pruned, H. syriacus remains a popular ornamental shrub today, with many cultivars. Full-grown plants can tolerate a wide range of conditions, including frost, drought and urban pollution. However, the best results are produced in a warm, sheltered position; a well-drained neutral soil; and full sun.<ref name = Tele>Template:Cite web</ref>
Propagation
Hibiscus syriacus is fairly easily propagated from either seeds, with variable results, or by layering or cuttings, cloning the original.
Pests and diseases
Old shrubs can develop trunk cankers that may eventually prove fatal to the plant.<ref>Cankers On Trees: Various. 1st ed. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Science, 2015. Web. 21 April 2017.</ref> The plant has some susceptibility to leaf spots, blights, rusts and canker. Japanese beetles, whiteflies and aphids are occasional insect visitors.<ref>How to Grow Rose of Sharon – Complete Guide</ref> Japanese beetles can severely damage foliage if left unchecked.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- 'Blue Chiffon' ('Notwood3')<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (blue, semi-double)
- 'Diana'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (single, white)
- 'Hamabo'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (pale pink, red centre)
- 'Lavender Chiffon' ('Notwoodone')<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (pale lilac)
- 'Meehanii'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (pink, variegated leaves)
- 'Oiseau Bleu'Template:Sp('Blue Bird')<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (blue-violet, maroon centre)
- 'Red Heart'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (white, red centre)
- 'White Chiffon' ('Notwoodtwo')<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (white, double)
- 'William R. Smith'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (white, single)
- 'Woodbridge'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (deep pink)
National flower
Hibiscus syriacus, also known as the Korean rose, is the national flower of South Korea. The flower appears in various national emblems, and Korea is compared poetically to the flower in the South Korean national anthem.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> The flower's name in Korean is mugunghwa (Template:Korean), which translates to "eternal blossom that never fades".<ref name=":2" /> It is also known as mokkeunhwa (Template:Korean). Professor emeritus at Ohio State University, Chan E. Park, notes that, to many Koreans, the flower was a symbol of resistance to Japanese colonial rule.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> South Korean law also defined the flagpole used for hoisting national flag should be surmounted by a ball that has the shape of the flower's calyx.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History and culture
Hibiscus syriacus was originally endemic to Korea. It was brought to Japan in the 8th century and cultivated for horticulture. According to records, it was prolific on the Korean Peninsula before the 1st century.<ref name=":1" /> Its leaves were brewed into a herbal infusion and its flowers eaten in Korea. Later on it was introduced and grown in the gardens of Europe as early as the 16th century, though as late as 1629 John Parkinson thought it was tender and took great precautions with it, thinking it "would not suffer to be uncovered in the Winter time, or yet abroad in the Garden, but kept in a large pot or tubbe in the house or in a warme cellar, if you would have them to thrive." (sic)<ref>Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, 1629.</ref> By the end of the 17th century, some knew it to be hardy: Gibson, describing Lord Arlington's London house noted six large earthen pots coddling the "tree hollyhock", as he called it, "that grows well enough in the ground".<ref>Quoted in Coats 1992.</ref> By the 18th century the shrub was common in English gardens and in the North American colonies, known as Althea frutex and "Syrian ketmia".<ref>Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or Delight' (1976:429).</ref>