His Master's Voice
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox company His Master's Voice is an entertainment trademark featuring a dog named Nipper, curiously peering into the horn of a wind-up gramophone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Painted by Francis Barraud in 1898, the image has since become a symbol used internationally across consumer electronics, record labels, and entertainment retail.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The original His Master's Voice painting, alongside a number of duplicates painted by Barraud, are owned by the EMI Archive Trust charity that is based in Hayes, London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
The Gramophone Company / EMI / HMV (United Kingdom–based)
Template:FurtherIn early 1899, Francis Barraud applied for copyright of his original 1898 painting using the descriptive working title Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph. He was unable to sell the work to any cylinder phonograph company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The painting had been originally offered to James Hough, manager of Edison Bell in London, but he declined, saying "dogs don't listen to phonographs".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
William Barry Owen, the American founder of the Gramophone Company in England, offered to purchase the painting for £100, under the condition that Barraud modify the cylinder phonograph to show one of their disc machines.<ref name="New Grove">Template:Cite book</ref> Barraud complied and the image was first used on the company's catalogue from December 1899. The company also began using the imagery on its gramophones. As the trademark gained in popularity, several additional paintings were subsequently commissioned from Barraud for various corporate purposes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1909, The Gramophone Company began using the dog and gramophone trademark on its record labels, replacing the former "recording Angel" trademark. The company rapidly became known as His Master's Voice due to the prominence of that phrase around the top perimeter of the label. The Gramophone Company (HMV) distributed its recordings throughout Europe and later established dedicated international divisions in several countries. In regions without these divisions, such as Scandinavia and Greece, the British HMV company exported its releases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Gramophone Company created French and Italian versions called La Voix de son maître and La voce del padrone respectively after previously forming in these countries in 1901 and 1904.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1921, The Gramophone Company launched the His Master's Voice retail shop on Oxford Street. Additional shops appeared, turning His Master's Voice into a large music retail chain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1925 and 1926, The Gramophone Company created record label divisions in Australia and New Zealand respectively. Through sales and mergers, the Gramophone Company became part of EMI in 1931.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft, was the Gramophone Company's German subsidiary until seceding from the parent company in 1914, as a result of the hostilities between Germany and Great Britain during the First World War. DGG retained the "His Master's Voice" trademark for use in Germany until 1949. The trademark was then adopted by Electrola, the Gramophone Company's German affiliate formed in 1925, to replace the renegade DGG.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
From the mid-1980s, EMI began to open international HMV retail outlets, but were unable to use the "His Master's Voice" trademark in the United States, Canada or Japan. However, EMI's use of just the "HMV" initials in these regions was permitted.
In 1985, EMI sold the Gramophone Company's branch in India (formed in 1901) to RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group; however the "His Master's Voice" trademark would continue to be used in India under license from EMI, until 2003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1990, EMI began to phase out the His Master's Voice record label, gradually replacing it with the EMI Classics label in 1993. In 1998, it divested the HMV retailer, which became an independent company, HMV Media Group plc.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, EMI held onto the "His Master's Voice" trademark, licensing the name to the retailer, and continuing it for its only remaining license in India.
In June 2003, the formal "His Master's Voice" trademark transfer took place from EMI Records to HMV Media Group plc.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This meant that EMI's only remaining license agreement, the His Master's Voice record label in India, would be discontinued, and record releases in this region would be renamed to Saregama from 2003 onwards.
In January 2013, HMV Group plc would later be rescued by Hilco Capital, who retained the "His Master's Voice" trademark rights in a number of continents under the name "Mermaid (Brands) Limited" when they sold the HMV stores to Sunrise Records.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The rightsholders in some territories is Palm Green Capital Limited, a company based in British Virgin Islands, instead of Hilco Capital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In February 2013, HMV Group plc sold the HMV stores in Hong Kong and Singapore to AID Partners Capital Limited, which also included the rights to "His Master's Voice" and "HMV" for a select number of Asian countries, currently owned by HMV Brand Pte. Ltd.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Victor Talking Machine Company / RCA Victor (United States–based)
In July 1900, Emile Berliner, the inventor of the gramophone, registered the trademark in the United States after seeing the original painting at The Gramophone Company's offices in England.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The "His Master's Voice" trademark first appeared in the United States in advertising by the Consolidated Talking Machine Company, which was reorganized in 1901 as the Victor Talking Machine Company in Camden, New Jersey. Victor was the American affiliate of British Gramophone Company and initially used the trademark more extensively on its products and in advertising than its affiliate in England.
In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, which became the RCA Victor Division and expanded the use of the trademark on radios, television sets and other electronics and accessories.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Beginning in the 1950s, RCA would gradually phase out the trademark's use on consumer electronics, in lieu of the RCA "lightning bolt" logo.
In 1968, RCA introduced a modern logo and limited the appearance of the "His Master's Voice" trademark to the album covers of RCA Red Seal Records. In October 1976, RCA announced a revival of the "His Master's Voice" trademark, restoring it to most RCA records labels, advertising and other RCA products in the Western Hemisphere.
In 1986, the RCA Corporation was acquired by General Electric, which eventually sold the RCA and "His Master's Voice" trademarks to Technicolor SA. RCA Records was acquired by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann, which continued use of the "His Master's Voice" and RCA Victor trademarks in the Western Hemisphere under license. In 2008, RCA Records was fully acquired by Sony Music Entertainment and continues with a perpetual license for use of the RCA and "His Master's Voice" trademarks. In May 2022, the RCA and "His Master's Voice" trademarks were acquired by Talisman Brands Inc.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Since 2023, Talisman Brands has also licensed the "His Master's Voice" brand to a company called Victor Musical Industries Inc, which produces "His Master's Voice"-branded consumer electronics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
JVC / Victor Entertainment / JVCKenwood (Japan-based)
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In 1927, the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan was created, which brought the "His Master's Voice" trademark to Japan, and later became known as JVC, the Japan Victor Company. The company used "His Master's Voice" across a wide range of consumer electronics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1943, JVC seceded from RCA Victor due to the hostilities between Japan and the United States during World War II. The Japanese division became an independent company, retaining the Victor name and "His Master's Voice" trademarks for use in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1972, JVC created Victor Musical Industries, a distributor of music and film, which uses the "His Master's Voice" logo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Victor Musical Industries has since been renamed Victor Entertainment, and the "His Master's Voice" logo remains retained.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1990, EMI launched the HMV retailer in Japan. However, it was unable to use the Nipper/"His Master's Voice" trademark due to JVC controlling its use in that country. However, they were not contested to use just the initials "HMV".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In October 2008, JVC and the Kenwood Corporation created a joint-venture, JVCKenwood, to create consumer electronics. This venture uses the "His Master's Voice" logo, mainly on audio equipment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
Further reading
- Barnum, Fred (1991). His Master's Voice in America.
- Southall, Brian (1996). The Story of the World's Leading Music Retailer: HMV 75, 1921–1996.