Horace W. Babcock

Template:Short description Template:Infobox scientist Horace Welcome Babcock (September 13, 1912 – August 29, 2003) was an American astronomer. He was the son of Harold D. Babcock.

Career

Babcock invented and built several astronomical instruments and was the first to propose adaptive optics in 1953.<ref>Babcock, H.W. (1953) “The possibility of compensating astronomical seeing,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 65 (386) : 229–236. Available at: Astrophysics Data System</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He specialized in spectroscopy and the study of magnetic fields of stars. He proposed the Babcock Model, a theory for the magnetism of sunspots.

During World War II, he was engaged in radiation work at MIT and Caltech. After the war, he began a productive collaboration with his father. His undergraduate studies were at Caltech, and his doctorate was from the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Babcock's 1938 doctoral thesis contained one of the earliest discoveries of dark matter. He reported measurements of the rotation curve for the Andromeda galaxy (M31) and wrote, "The velocities therefore indicate a greater mass than that derived from the luminosity. This discrepancy can hardly be explained unless we postulate either a change in the nature of the stellar population in the outer parts of the nebula or a departure from the laws of circular motion," and "the mass-to-light ratio increases markedly at large radii. It is evident that the outer parts of the nebula contain either a great amount of non-luminous matter or that the motions depart significantly from circularity."<ref>Babcock, H, 1939, “The rotation of the Andromeda Nebula”, Lick Observatory bulletin; no. 498</ref> Babcock considered the possibility that there was more dust in the outer parts of the galaxy than previously thought, thereby increasing the mass-to-light ratio, but did not conclude this was the explanation. Nonetheless, it was not until the work of Morton (Mort) Roberts <ref>Template:Citation</ref> in the late 1960s, Rubin & Ford,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Freeman in regard to NGC 300,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> that attention to spiral galaxy rotation curves was again in the spotlight as an indication of a mass or gravity problem in spiral galaxies.<ref>Vanderburgh, W. L. (2014) "Putting a New Spin on Galaxies: Horace W. Babcock, the Andromeda Nebula, and the Dark Matter Revolution," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 45(2) : 141-159. |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/002182861404500201</ref>

Babcock was director of the Palomar Observatory for Caltech from 1964 to 1978.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Honors

Awards

• Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1957)<ref name=Draper>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Eddington Medal (1958)
• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)<ref name=AAAS>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Bruce Medal (1969)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1970)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• George Ellery Hale Prize of the American Astronomical Society Solar Physics Division (1992)

Named after him

• Asteroid 3167 Babcock (jointly with his father)
• Babcock crater on the Moon is named only for his father

Honors

• Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1954)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1966)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

External links

• Bruce Medal page Template:Webarchive
• Awarding of Bruce Medal
• Awarding of RAS gold medal
• H.W. Babcock, "The Possibility of Compensating Astronomical Seeing", PASP 65 (1953) 229
• Oral History interview transcript with Horace Babcock on 9 June 1975, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. Interview conducted by Spencer Weart.
• Oral History interview transcript with Horace Babcock on 25 July 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. Interview conducted by Spencer Weart.
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

Obituaries

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