Horacio Rivero Jr.

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox military person Horacio Rivero Jr. (May 16, 1910 – September 24, 2000), was the first Puerto Rican and Hispanic four-star admiral, and the second Hispanic to hold that rank in the modern United States Navy, after the American Civil War Admiral David Glasgow Farragut (1801–1870). After retiring from the Navy, Rivero served as the U.S. Ambassador to Spain (1972–1974), and was also the first Hispanic to hold that position.<ref name="HAD">Template:Cite book</ref>

Early years

Rivero was born and raised in the city of Ponce, located in the southern coast of Puerto Rico, He was graduated from Central High School in San Juan.

Military career

On June 20, 1927, he received an appointment from the Honorable Felix Cordova Davila, Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner, to attend the United States Naval Academy. On June 4, 1931, he graduated third in a class of 441 from the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Rivero's first assignment was aboard the Template:USS. From 1932 to 1936 he served aboard the following ships: Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS and Template:USS. He earned his master's degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1940 and in 1941 married Hazel Hooper.<ref name=NavyTimes_Dorr_2004>Dorr, Navy Times 2004.</ref>

World War II

USS San Juan

During World War II, he served aboard the Template:USS as a gunnery officer and was involved in providing artillery cover for Marines landing on Guadalcanal, Marshall Islands, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. For his service he was awarded the Bronze Star with Combat "V". Rivero was reassigned to the Template:USS. The PittsburghTemplate:'s bow had been torn off during a typhoon and Rivero's strategies saved his ship without a single life lost. For his actions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. He also participated in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, the attack on Bougainville in the Solomons, the capture of the Gilbert Islands and a series of carrier raids on Rabaul. On June 5, 1945, Rivero participated in the first carrier raids against Tokyo during operations in the vicinity of Nansei Shoto.<ref name="HAD"/>

Rivero served as Assistant to the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (Special Weapons) from August 1945 to February 1946. From February 1946 to June 1947, he served as a technical assistant on the Staff of Commander Joint Task Force One for Operation Crossroads, and was on the Staff of Commander, Joint Task Force Seven during the atomic weapons tests in Eniwetok in 1948.<ref name=NHC_Papers>Template:Cite web</ref>

Korean War

USS Noble

After the war, Rivero commanded the Template:USS and during the Korean War the Template:USS. Under his command, the Noble steamed to Korea to participate in the September Inchon amphibious assault. Thereafter, the Noble assisted in the transport of U.S. and foreign troops and equipment to and from the Korean combat zone. In July 1953, the Noble participated in Operation Big Switch, moving Communist North Korean prisoners from Koje Do to Inchon pursuant to the armistice agreement.<ref name=DANFS_APA218>Template:Cite web </ref>

Rivero studied nuclear weaponry at the National War College and in 1954 he became Assistant Chief of Staff for Naval Operations. In 1955, he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral and was a member of the Staff of the Commander in Chief, Western Atlantic Area.<ref name="HAD"/>

Between January 1958 and March 1959, he served as Commander Destroyer Flotilla One (COMDESFLOT ONE) headquartered in Yokosuka, Japan. <ref>Personal experience of Michael Newman, PH2, USN, as COMDESFLOT ONE photographer, January 1958 to March 1959</ref>

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. On October 22, 1962, Admiral Rivero was the commander of the American fleet sent by President John F. Kennedy to set up a quarantine (blockade) of the Soviet ships in an effort to stop the Cold War from escalating into World War III. On October 28, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, and Kennedy ordered an end of the quarantine of Cuba on November 20, bringing an end to the crisis.<ref name=PRHerald_2000>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Barlow, NHC 2003.</ref>

Rivero was named Vice Chief of Naval Operations after the previous VCNO, Claude V. Ricketts, died in office on July 6, 1964. On July 31, 1964, Rivero became the first Puerto Rican, and the second Hispanic to become a four-star admiral in the modern era US Navy.

Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War, Rivero oversaw the day-to-day work of the Navy as the Vice Chief of Naval Operations. He was a stern supporter of a "brown-water navy," or riverine force, on the rivers of South Vietnam.<ref name="HAD"/>

USS Liberty incident

While serving as the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Rivero spoke out in favor of the survivors of the 1967 USS Liberty incident. He said his “most prominent memory of the Liberty” was “My anger and frustration at our not punishing the attackers.”<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

NATO commander

From 1968 until his retirement from the Navy in 1972, Admiral Rivero was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's commander in chief of the Allied Forces in Southern Europe. He was responsible of the land, sea and air forces of five nations deployed in the Mediterranean area: Italy, Greece, Turkey, Britain and the United States. During his years as commander, some 215,000 of the 310,000 American troops in Europe were stationed in West Germany. At the time, Rivero believed that any withdrawal of United States troops from West Germany might affect the strength of the United States Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref>

Post-Navy career

After his retirement from the United States Navy in 1972, Admiral Rivero, served as the U.S. Ambassador to Spain under the administration of President Richard M. Nixon from 1972 to 1974.<ref>Los Audios de Nixon sobre España El País (9 june 2020) (spanish)</ref> Rivero was also the Honorary Chairman of the American Veterans' Committee for Puerto Rico Self-Determination.<ref name=VeteransforPR>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rivero died on September 24, 2000, and was buried with full military honors in the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery of San Diego, California. He was survived by a daughter, two grandchildren, two great-grandchildren, and two sisters, both of Puerto Rico.<ref name="NYT"/> On November 11, 2008, the government of Puerto Rico unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda the oil portrait of Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr.

Awards and recognitions

Among Admiral Rivero's decorations and medals were the following:

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Navy Distinguished Service Medal w/ with two gold award stars
Legion of Merit w/ gold star Bronze Star w/ "V" Device Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal
American Defense Service Medal w/ one service star American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ seven service stars
World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal w/ one service star Korean Service Medal w/ two service stars
Vietnam Service Medal w/ two service stars United Nations Korea Medal Vietnam Campaign Medal

On April 1, 2017, the United States Navy Reserve dedicated posthumously the Navy Operational Support Center NOSC building in Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico, to Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr.

In 2017 Horacio Rivero Jr. was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Further reading

  • "Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own"; by : Greg Boudonck; Template:ISBN; Template:ISBN

See also

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References

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Further reading

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