House of Khalifa

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The House of Khalifa (Template:Langx) is the ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain. They profess Sunni Islam and belong to the Anizah tribe. Some members of this tribe joined the Utub alliance which migrated from Najd in central Arabia to Kuwait, then ruled all of Qatar, more specifically Al Zubarah, which they built and ruled over before settling in Bahrain in the early 17th century. The current head of the family is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and proclaimed himself King of Bahrain in 2002, in fact becoming a constitutional monarch.

As of 2025, roughly half of the serving cabinet ministers of Bahrain were members of the Al Khalifa royal family,<ref name=cabinet>Bahrain Shia demand cabinet change, Aljazeera.net, 5 March 2010</ref> while the country's Prime Minister, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, is also from the Al Khalifa family and is the son of the current King.

History

Bahrain fell under the control of Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Khalifa in 1783, following the defeat of Nasr Al-Madhkur who ruled the archipelago as a dependency of Persia (see Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain). Ahmed ruled Bahrain as hakim until 1796, but was based in Zubarah (in modern-day Qatar) and spent summers in Bahrain. Ahmed was the first hakim of Bahrain and the progenitor of the ruling Al Khalifa family of Bahrain. All of the Al Khalifa rulers of Bahrain are his descendants.

Ahmed had four children. Following his death in 1796, two of his sons, Salman and Abdulla, moved to Bahrain, and co-ruled it as feudal estates and imposed taxes on the indigenous Baharnah population. Salman settled in Bahrain Island and Abdulla in Muharraq Island, each ruling independently. The Al Khalifa soon became split into two branches, Al-Abdulla and Al-Salman that engaged in open conflict between 1842 and 1846.Template:Efn The Al-Salman branch was victorious and enjoyed complete rule of Bahrain. Until 1869, Bahrain was under threat of occupation by various external powers including the Wahhabis, Omanis, Ottomans, Egyptians and Persians, yet the Al Khalifa managed to keep it under their control.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb.Template:Better source needed</ref> The Al-Abdulla branch continued to be a rival until 1895.Template:Sfn Today, Abdulla ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa's descendants live in Qatar, while Salman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa's descendants live in Bahrain.

List of Al Khalifa rulers of Bahrain

Since 1783, the Al Khalifa have been rulers of Bahrain:

Name Years as ruler Title
Sheikh Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Khalifa 1783–1796 Hakim
Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa, ruling jointly with
Sheikh Salman bin Ahmad Al Khalifa
Shaikh Khalifa bin Sulman Al Khalifa		 1796–1843
1796–1825
1825–1834		 Hakim
Hakim
Hakim
Sheikh Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa 1834–1842
1849–1868
1869–1869		 Hakim
Sheikh Ali bin Khalifah Al Khalifa 1868–1869 Hakim
Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa 1869–1869 Hakim
Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa 1869–1932 Hakim
Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 1932–1942 Hakim
Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa 1942–1961 Hakim
Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa 1961–1971
1971–1999		 Hakim
Amir
King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 1999–2002
2002–present		 Amir
King

Family tree

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Ruling Family Council

Decisions pertaining to the Al Khalifa family, as well as disputes between family members are arbitrated by the Ruling Family Council (Template:Langx).<ref name=Khalaf>Template:Cite conference</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The council attends to internal family disputes particularly those related to appropriation of land, sale of real estate and other properties. Members of the ruling family are not allowed to refer these or other disputes to ordinary law courts.<ref name=Khalaf/>

Relations between the political leadership and the rest of the "rank and file" members of the Al Khalifa ruling family have been formally managed by the council since 1932. However, on the eve of the 1973 parliamentary elections, then the Amir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa issued a decree restructuring the Ruling Family Council to become a formal organ of the state, and giving the administrative head of the council the rank of minister.<ref name=Khalaf/>

The Ruling Family Council is chaired by King Hamad,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> its deputy chairman is Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Hamad Al Khalifa,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the director general is Ibrahim bin Khalid bin Mohammed Al Khalifa.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The King appoints the members of the board of the Ruling Family Council as recognised representatives of various kingship lines and factional alliances within the Al Khalifa family.<ref name=Khalaf />

Cabinet ministers

As of 2024, 4 out of 25 serving cabinet ministers of Bahrain were members of the Al Khalifa royal family.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable people

Controversies

The King of Bahrain, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was responsible for attacks on protesters during the Arab Spring. The king and the government were condemned both locally and overseas. They later enlisted the help of nearby Saudi Arabia and the UAE.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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Works cited

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