Hovhannes Tumanyan

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox writer

Hovhannes Tumanyan (Template:Langx, classical spelling: Յովհաննէս Թումանեան, Template:OldStyleDate – March 23, 1923) was an Armenian poet, writer, translator, and literary and public activist. He is the national poet of Armenia.<ref name="armenianhouse">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tumanyan wrote poems, quatrains, ballads, novels, fables, and critical and journalistic articles.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> His works were mostly written in the style of realism, frequently revolving around the everyday life of his time.<ref name="armenianhouse"/> Born in the historical village of Dsegh in the Lori region, at a young age Tumanyan moved to Tiflis, which was the centre of Armenian culture under the Russian Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He soon became known to the wide Armenian society for his simple but very poetic works.

Many films and animated films have been adapted from Tumanyan's works. Two operas, Anush (1912) by Armen Tigranian and Almast (1930) by Alexander Spendiaryan, were written based on his works.

Biography

Tumanyan's parents
Vernatun members in 1903. Isahakyan, Aghayan, Tumanyan (sitting) and Shant, Demirchian (standing).
The Tumanyan family
The house where Tumanyan lived in Tiflis

Hovhannes Tumanyan was born on February 19, 1869, in the village of Dsegh, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Lori Province, Armenia).<ref name=gre/><ref name="encyclopedia.am">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His father, Aslan (1839–1898), was the village priest known as Ter-Tadevos. He was an offspring of an Armenian princely family of Tumanyan, branch of the famous royal house of Mamikonian that settled in Lori in 10th and 11th centuries from their original feudal fief of Taron.Template:Citation needed

His mother, Sona (1842–1936), was an avid storyteller with a particular interest in fables. Young Tumanyan was the oldest of eight children; his siblings were Rostom (1871–1915), Osan (1874–1926), Iskuhi (1878–1943), Vahan (1881–1937), Astghik (1885–1953), Arshavir (1888–1921), Artashes (1892–1916).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From 1877 to 1879, Tumanyan attended the parochial school of Dsegh. From 1879 to 1883 he went to a school in Jalaloghly.<ref name="education">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tumanyan moved to Tiflis in 1883, where he attended the Nersisyan School from 1883 to 1887.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> Tumanyan's wrote his first poem at the age of 12, while studying in Jalaloghly school. He lived at the teacher's house for a while and fell in love with the teacher's daughter Vergine.<ref name="education"/> Since 1893, Tumanyan worked for Aghbyur, Murtch, Hasker and Horizon periodicals and also was engaged in public activism.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/>

In 1899, Tumanyan came up with an idea of organizing meetings of Armenian intellectuals of the time at his house on 44 Bebutov Street in Tiflis (present-day Amaghleba 18, in Sololaki). Soon it became an influential literary group, which often gathered in the garret of Tumanyan's house. Vernatun means garret in Armenian, which was the name the group was referred to. Prominent members of the collective were Avetik Isahakyan, Derenik Demirchyan, Levon Shant, Ghazaros Aghayan, Perch Proshyan, Nikol Aghbalian, Alexander Shirvanzade, Nar-Dos, Vrtanes Papazyan, Vahan Terian, Leo, Stepan Lisitsyan, Mariam Tumanyan, Gevorg Bashinjagyan and many other significant Armenian figures of early 20th century. With some pauses, it existed until 1908.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/>

In 1912 Tumanyan was elected the president of the Company of Caucasus Armenian Writers.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/>

In the fall of 1921, Tumanyan went to Constantinople to find support of Armenian refugees. After months spent there, he returned ill. After surgery in 1922, he started to get better. But in September, Tumanyan's disease started to progress again. He was transferred to a hospital in Moscow, where he died on March 23, 1923.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life

In 1888, at the age of 19, Hovhannes Tumanyan married Olga Matchkalyan, age 17.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They had 10 children: Musegh (1889–1938), Ashkhen (1891–1968), Nvard (1892–1957), Artavazd (1894–1918), Hamlik (1896–1937), Anush (1898–1927), Arpik (1899–1981), Areg (1900–1939), Seda (1905–1988), Tamar (1907–1989).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Political and public activism

During the government-provoked Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1906, Tumanyan took the role of a peacemaker, for which he was arrested twice.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> Tumanyan also deeply criticized the Georgian–Armenian War of 1918.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> Tumanyan was also actively engaged in preaching the Gospel. As he put in one of his verses, "There is only one way of salvation; through Jesus Christ abiding inside every one of us".

In October 1914 Tumanyan joined the "Committee for Support of War Victims", which later helped Armenian Genocide refugees settled in Etchmiadzin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1921 in Tiflis he founded the House of Armenian Art.

Literary work

Eduard Jrbashyan describes Tumanyan's language as "simple, natural and at the same time poetically inspired and beautiful." Many expressions from Tumanyan's works have become common phrases and sayings in Armenian.<ref name="armenianhouse"/>

Tumanyan is usually regarded in Armenian circles as "All-Armenian poet". He earned this title when the Catholicos of Armenia had ordered that Armenian refugees from the west not enter certain areas of his church and house, since he is considered to be "The Catholicos of all Armenians". Tumanyan in response decried that decision claiming that the refugees could seek relief in the Catholicos' quarters under order of "The Poet of all Armenians".

He created lyrics, fables, epic poems and translations into Armenian of Byron, Goethe and Pushkin.<ref>Hovannes Tumanian – Great Armenian popular poet, native of Lori.</ref>

Tumanyan's most famous works include: Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2

Ballads and poems

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Short stories

Fairy tales

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Legacy

Tombstone of Tumanyan in the Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.

Translations

Tumanyan's works have been translated into numerous languages. Translators of his works into Russian include Valery Bryusov, Konstantin Balmont, Joseph Brodsky, Samuil Marshak, and Bella Akhmadulina.

Tumanyan's House Museum in Dsegh

Places named after Tumanyan

In Armenia:

  • Tumanyan Matchbox Label Museum<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Tumanyan City in Lori Province, which until 1951 was named Dzaghidzor.
  • Pedagogical University of Vanadzor
  • Armenian State Puppet Theater in Yerevan
  • Tumanyan St. in central Yerevan
  • Tumanyan Park in Yerevan's Ajapnyak district
  • Tumanyan's native village of Dsegh was renamed Tumanyan in his honor in 1938, before being changed back to Dsegh in 1969.<ref>Kiesling, Rediscovering Armenia, p. 67, available online at the US embassy to Armenia's website Template:Webarchive</ref>

Outside of Armenia:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tbilisi (sign),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Donetsk,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sochi,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> khutor Shaumyanovsky in Rostov Oblast.

There are 2 museums dedicated to Tumanyan in Armenia, one in his birthplace Dsegh and another one in Yerevan.<ref name="encyclopedia.am"/> Tumanyan's museum in Yerevan was opened in 1953.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Autumn of 2011 the government of Armenia purchased a flat that Tumanyan had lived in in Tbilisi from its Georgian owner and in 2017 opened it as a museum and cultural center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Opera

  • Anoush (1912) by Armen Tigranian, based on the narrative poem Anush (1902)<ref name="BSE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The following films were adapted from Hovhannes Tumanyan's works. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2

Films

Films based on works of Tumanyan:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Gikor by A. Martirosyan; silent (1934)
  • The Master and the Servant by D. Keosayan; Armenfilm (1962)
  • Akhtamar by E. Martirosyan; Armenfilm (1969)
  • Honor of the Poor by B. Hovhannisyan, A. Samvelyan; Armenfilm (1969)
  • The Fat King by D. Keosayan; Armenfilm (1969)
  • The Lying Hunter by Aramayis Sargsyan; Armenfilm (1969)
  • Since the Time of Hunger by E. Martirosyan; Armenfilm (1974)
  • Gikor by S. Israeilyan; Armenfilm (1982)
  • A Drop of Honey by Henrik Malyan; in Russian; Armenfilm (1982)

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Animated films

Cartoons based on works of Tumanyan:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • A Drop of Honey by V. Podpomogov (1968)
  • Parvana by V. Podpomogov (1968)
  • Hunter the Liar by E. Badalyan (1969)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Postage stamps, banknotes and coins

  • Soviet postage stamp, 1969
    Soviet postage stamp, 1969
  • Tumanyan memorial coin, 1994
    Tumanyan memorial coin, 1994
  • Obverse side of the 5,000 Armenian dram, 1998
    Obverse side of the 5,000 Armenian dram, 1998
  • Stamp of Abkhazia, 2003
    Stamp of Abkhazia, 2003
  • Armenian-Russian Joint issue, 2011
    Armenian-Russian Joint issue, 2011
  • Armenian-Russian Joint issue, 2011
    Armenian-Russian Joint issue, 2011
  • Armenian stamp sheet, 2019
    Armenian stamp sheet, 2019
  • Stamp of Artsakh, 2019
    Stamp of Artsakh, 2019

Collections in Armenian

  • The Complete Works, Vol I-X, Yerevan, 1988-1999

Editions in English

See also

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References

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Further reading

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