Hughie Jennings

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox baseball biography Hugh Ambrose Jennings (April 2, 1869 – February 1, 1928) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager from 1891 to 1925. Jennings was a leader, both as a batter and as a shortstop, with the Baltimore Orioles teams that won National League championships in Template:Baseball year, Template:Baseball year, and Template:Baseball year. During those three seasons, Jennings had 355 runs batted in and hit .335, .386, and .401.

Jennings was a fiery, hard-nosed player who was not afraid to be hit by a pitch to get on base. In 1896, he was hit by pitches 51 times – a major league record that has never been broken. Jennings also holds the career record for being hit by pitches with 287, with Craig Biggio (who retired in 2007) holding the modern-day career record of 285. Jennings also played on the Brooklyn Superbas teams that won National League pennants in 1899 and 1900. From 1907 to 1920, Jennings was the manager of the Detroit Tigers, where he was known for his colorful antics, hoots, whistles, and his famous shouts of "Ee-Yah!" from the third base coaching box. Jennings suffered a nervous breakdown in 1925 that forced him to leave Major League Baseball.<ref name=NYTJ/> In 1945, Jennings was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Early years

Born in Pittston, Pennsylvania, Jennings was the son of Irish immigrants, James and Nora, who according to Jack Smiles's biography of Jennings, Ee-yah: The Life and Times of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall of Famer (page 7), arrived in Pittston in 1851.

Jennings worked as a breaker boy (young boys who separated the coal from the slate) in the local anthracite coal mines. He drew attention playing shortstop for a semi-professional baseball team in Lehighton, Pennsylvania in 1890.<ref name=NYTJ>Template:Cite news</ref> He was signed by the Louisville Colonels of the American Association in Template:Baseball year. He stayed with the Colonels when they joined the National League in Template:Baseball year and was traded on June 7, Template:Baseball year to the Baltimore Orioles.

Baltimore Orioles: 1893–1899

Jennings played with the Orioles for parts of seven seasons and became a star during his years in Baltimore. The Baltimore Orioles teams of 1894, 1895, and 1896 are regarded as one of the greatest teams of all time. The teams featured Hall of Fame manager Ned Hanlon and a lineup with six future Hall of Famers: first baseman Dan Brouthers, second baseman John McGraw, shortstop Jennings, catcher Wilbert Robinson, right fielder "Wee Willie" Keeler, and left fielder Joe Kelley. Amidst all those great players, Jennings was appointed captain in 1894, his first full season with the team.

Baltimore Orioles' Hall of Fame players "Wee Willie" Keeler, Joe Kelley, John McGraw, and Hughie Jennings, circa 1894

During the Orioles' championship years, Jennings had some of the best seasons ever by a major league shortstop. In 1895, he hit .386, scored 159 runs, collected 204 hits, knocked in 125 runs, and stole 53 bases. In 1896, his performance was even better, as he hit .401 (2nd best in the National League) with 209 hits, 121 RBI, and 70 stolen bases.

The fiery Jennings was also known as one of the most fearless players of his time, allowing himself to be hit by pitches more than any other player. In one game, he was hit by a pitch three times. In 1896, he was hit by pitches 51 times—a Major League record that still stands. In just five seasons with the Orioles from 1894 to 1898, Jennings was hit by pitches an unprecedented 202 times. During one game, Jennings was hit in the head by a pitch from Amos Rusie in the 3rd inning, but managed to finish the game. As soon as the game ended, Jennings collapsed and was unconscious for three days.<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History">Detnews.com | Michigan History Template:Webarchive at info.detnews.com</ref><ref name="CAM Cornelliana">CAM Cornelliana at cornellalumnimagazine.com</ref>

Jennings was also one of the best fielding shortstops of the era. He led the National League in fielding percentage and putouts three times each. He had as many as 537 assists and 425 putouts in single seasons during his prime. His 425 putouts ties him with Donie Bush for the single season record for a shortstop. In 1895, he had a career-high range factor of 6.73–1.19 points higher than the league average (5.54) for shortstops that year. He once handled 20 chances in a game, and on another occasion had 10 assists in a game. In 1898, he threw his arm out, and his career as a shortstop came to an end. After that, Jennings was forced to move to first base.<ref name=NYTJ/>

Brooklyn Superbas and Philadelphia Phillies: 1899–1903

In 1899, when manager Ned Hanlon moved to the Brooklyn Superbas, several of his star players, including Jennings, Joe Kelley, and Willie Keeler followed. While Jennings was never the same after the injury to his arm in 1898, he contributed to Brooklyn's National League pennants in Template:Baseball year and Template:Baseball year.<ref name=NYTJ/>

In 1901, Jennings was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies. However, his failing arm cut his career short, as he never played in more than 82 games or hit above .272 in two seasons with the Phillies. Jennings played 6 games for the Superbas in 1903, effectively ending his playing career, with the exception of 9 at bats during his tenure as the manager of the Detroit Tigers.

Cornell Law School and an off-season law practice

While playing for the Orioles in the 1890s, Jennings and John McGraw both attended classes at St. Bonaventure University. After the 1899 season, Jennings was accepted to Cornell Law School. He managed the Cornell University baseball team while studying law and concluded that he was well-suited to being a manager.<ref name="thedeadballera.com">TheDeadballEra.com :: HUGHIE JENNINGS' OBIT Template:Webarchive at www.thedeadballera.com</ref> While at Cornell, he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity chapter there. Jennings continued as a scholar-athlete until the spring of 1904, when he left campus early to manage the Orioles. Though he never finished his law degree at Cornell, Jennings passed the Maryland bar exam in 1905 and started a law practice. Jennings practiced law in Baltimore and in Scranton, Pennsylvania.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="CAM Cornelliana"/> He continued to work at his law practice during the off-seasons through the remainder of his baseball career.

The "Ee-Yah" years: 1907–1920

In Template:Baseball year, Jennings was hired as manager of a talented Detroit Tigers team that included future Hall of Famers Ty Cobb and Sam Crawford. Jennings led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants, in Template:Baseball year–Template:Baseball year-Template:Baseball year. However, Jennings's teams lost the 1907 and 1908 World Series to the "Tinker to Evers to Chance" Chicago Cubs and the 1909 Series to Honus Wagner's Pittsburgh Pirates. Jennings continued to manage the Tigers through the Template:Baseball year season, though his teams never won another pennant.

During his years as Detroit's manager, Jennings became famous for his antics, mostly in the third base coaching box, which variously included shouts of "Ee-Yah", and other whoops, whistles, horns, gyrations, jigs, and grass-plucking. The "Ee-Yah" whoop became his trademark and was accompanied with waves of both arms over his head and a sharp raising of his right knee.<ref name=NYTJ/> In 1907, he was suspended for taunting opponents with a tin whistle.<ref name="CAM Cornelliana"/> The "Ee-Yah" shouts continued and became such a trademark that Jennings became known as Hughie "Ee-Yah" Jennings, and Detroit fans would shout "Ee-Yah" when Jennings appeared on the field.<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> (See also Jack Smiles, Ee-yah: The Life And Times Of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall Of Famer) Template:MLBBioHon Behind the antics was a great coaching mind. Connie Mack called Jennings one of the three greatest managers in history, along with John McGraw and Joe McCarthy.<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/> One of his greatest challenges, and accomplishments, during his years in Detroit was to manage the unmanageable—Ty Cobb. Jennings recognized Cobb's talent and his complicated psychological makeup and concluded the best strategy would be to let Cobb be Cobb. Jennings reportedly called Cobb aside one day and said, "There isn't anything about baseball I can teach you. Anything I might say to you would merely hinder you in your development. The only thing for you to do is go ahead and do as you please. Use your own judgment.. . . . . Do what you think is best and I'll back you up."<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/>

In Template:Baseball year, during a game in which "pick-ups" played for the Tigers when the regular team went on strike to protest the suspension of Cobb after an incident involving a fan in the stands whom Cobb assaulted, Jennings, who also sent his coaches in as substitute players, came to bat himself once as a pinch hitter. According to one source, when the umpire asked him for whom he was batting, Jennings answered, "None of your business." The umpire noted on his lineup sheet, "Jennings--batted for exercise."<ref>Fireside Book of Baseball, 1956...Edited by Charles Einstein. Story by Bugs Baer; Title not remembered, but may be "1912: Philadelphia Athletics 24, Detroit Tigers 2.", plus at least one other baseball book. In Baseball's Unforgettable Games by Joe Reichler and Ben Olan (1960), the game appears under the title of "The Tigers Strike over Cobb's Suspension"; Jennings is listed in the box score in that book as a pinch-hitter.</ref>

While Jennings was fiery, hard-nosed, colorful, and even eccentric, he insisted he had always played the game honestly. When a scandal arose in Template:Baseball year concerning whether Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker had fixed a Template:Baseball year game between the Detroit and the Cleveland Indians while Jennings was the manager, Jennings initially spoke of how easy it would be to fix a game and issued a "no comment" on the specific game. After his "no comment" drew negative publicity, Jennings issued a statement to the press in December 1926 denying knowledge of the matter and adding, "My slate has been clean base ball for 35 years... Whatever I have done in base ball has been of such a nature that I would be ready any time to go before anyone and place my case before them."<ref>Al Stump, Cobb: The Life and Times of the Meanest Man Who Ever Played Baseball (1994), pp. 372–373.</ref> After the 1920 season, Jennings stepped down as the Tigers' manager. His 1,131 wins was the most in Tigers history until Sparky Anderson passed him in 1992.

New York Giants: 1921–1925

Jennings signed on as a coach with his old friend, John McGraw, who was managing the New York Giants. Jennings and McGraw, who met as teammates on the Orioles, became close friends. Jennings was the best man at McGraw's wedding and a pallbearer following the death of McGraw's 23-year-old wife in 1899.<ref>Hughie Jennings - Baseball Biography</ref> McGraw and Jennings staged a reunion year after year on their birthdays.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> Jennings won two World Series as a coach in Template:Baseball year and Template:Baseball year. When McGraw became ill, Jennings filled in as the Giants' manager for parts of Template:Baseball year and Template:Baseball year. His overall managing record was 1184–995.<ref name="managerial record">Template:Cite web</ref>

Managerial record

Team	Year	Regular season					Postseason
		Games	Won	Lost	Win %	Finish	Won	Lost	Win %	Result
DET	Template:Mlby	150	Template:WinLossPct	1st in AL	Template:WinLossPct	Lost World Series (CHC)
DET	Template:Mlby	153	Template:WinLossPct	1st in AL	Template:WinLossPct	Lost World Series (CHC)
DET	Template:Mlby	152	Template:WinLossPct	1st in AL	Template:WinLossPct	Lost World Series (PIT)
DET	Template:Mlby	154	Template:WinLossPct	3rd in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	154	Template:WinLossPct	2nd in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	153	Template:WinLossPct	6th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	153	Template:WinLossPct	6th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	153	Template:WinLossPct	4th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	154	Template:WinLossPct	2nd in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	154	Template:WinLossPct	3rd in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	153	Template:WinLossPct	4th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	126	Template:WinLossPct	7th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	140	Template:WinLossPct	4th in AL	–	–	–
DET	Template:Mlby	154	Template:WinLossPct	7th in AL	–	–	–
DET total		2103	Template:WinLossPct		Template:WinLossPct
NYG	Template:Mlby	44	Template:WinLossPct	Interim	–	–	–
NYG	Template:Mlby	32	Template:WinLossPct	Interim	–	–	–
NYG total		76	Template:WinLossPct		Template:WinLossPct
Total<ref name="managerial record"/>		2179	Template:WinLossPct		Template:WinLossPct

A lifetime of tragic accidents

Jennings's life was filled with several tragic accidents. There was the beaning incident in Philadelphia that left him unconscious for three days. While attending Cornell, he fractured his skull diving head-first into a swimming pool at night, only to find the pool had been emptied.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/> In December 1911, Jennings came close to death after an off-season automobile accident. While driving a car given to him by admirers, Jennings's car overturned while crossing a bridge over the Lehigh River near Gouldsboro, Template:Convert southeast of Scranton. In the crash, Jennings again fractured his skull, suffered a concussion of the brain, and broke both legs and his left arm. For several days after the accident, doctors were unsure if Jennings would survive.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/>

The physical abuse and blows to the head undoubtedly took their toll. During the 1925 season, McGraw was ill, and Jennings was put in full charge of the Giants. The team finished in second place and the strain caught up with Jennings, who suffered a nervous breakdown when the season ended.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> According to his obituary, Jennings "was unable to report" to spring training in 1926 due to his condition. Jennings retired to the Winyah Sanatorium in Asheville, North Carolina. He did return home to Scranton, Pennsylvania, spending much of his time recuperating in the Pocono Mountains.<ref name="thedeadballera.com"/>

On February 1, 1928, Jennings died at age 58 at his home at 530 Vine Street in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The cause of death was spinal meningitis with tuberculosis as a contributory cause.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jennings was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 as a player.

See also

• List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
• List of Major League Baseball managerial wins and winning percentage leaders
• List of Major League Baseball player-managers
• 1909 Detroit Tigers season

Further reading

• Kashatus, William C. Diamonds in the Coal Fields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania (McFarland, 2002).
• Smiles, Jack. Ee-yah: The Life and Times of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall of Famer (McFarland, 2005).

External links

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