Hurricane Jeanne

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Template:Short description Template:Other hurricane uses Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox weather eventTemplate:Infobox weather event/NWSTemplate:Infobox weather event/EffectsTemplate:Infobox weather event/Footer Hurricane Jeanne was a Category 3 major hurricane that affected the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, The US Virgin Islands, Hispaniola, The Bahamas, and the US East Coast. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin since Mitch in 1998, and the deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2004. Jeanne was the tenth named storm, the seventh hurricane, and the fifth major hurricane of the season, as well as the third hurricane and fourth named storm of the season to make landfall in Florida. After wreaking havoc on Hispaniola, Jeanne struggled to reorganize, eventually strengthening and performing a complete loop over the open Atlantic. It headed westwards, strengthening into a Category 3 hurricane and passing over the islands of Great Abaco and Grand Bahama in the Bahamas on September 25. Jeanne made landfall later in the day in Florida just two miles (three kilometers) from where Hurricane Frances had struck a mere three weeks earlier.

Building on the rainfall of Frances and Hurricane Ivan, Jeanne brought near-record flood levels as far north as West Virginia and New Jersey before its remnants turned east into the open Atlantic. Jeanne is blamed for at least 3,006 deaths in Haiti with about 2,800 in Gonaïves alone, which was nearly washed away by floods and mudslides. The storm also caused 18 in the Dominican Republic, 8 deaths in Puerto Rico, and 5 in the rest of the United States, bringing the total number of deaths to at least 3,037, making Hurricane Jeanne one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record. Final property damage in the continental United States was $7.5 billion, plus an additional $270 million in the Dominican Republic and $169.5 million in Puerto Rico.

Meteorological history

Template:Storm path A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 7, accompanied by scattered convection, or thunderstorms. It continued westward across the Atlantic Ocean, steered by a ridge to the north.<ref name="tcr"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further organization was hampered by wind shear produced by Hurricane Ivan in the Caribbean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On September 11, convection became slightly better organized as the wave approached the Lesser Antilles, with some broad cyclonic turning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="twd912">Template:Cite web</ref> Late on September 13, the system developed into Tropical Depression Eleven about Template:Convert east-southeast of Guadeloupe.<ref name="disc1">Template:Cite web</ref> At 04:00 UTC on September 14, the depression crossed the island. Later that day it strengthened into a tropical storm, named Jeanne by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).<ref name="tcr"/>

The developing tropical storm formed rainbands, well-defined outflow, and a tight inner-core, fueled by the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Continuing to the west-northwest, Jeanne made landfall near Guayama, Puerto Rico at 16:00 UTC on September 15 with winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="tcr"/> As it moved ashore, Jeanne was in the process of developing an eye.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While crossing the island, Jeanne maintained its eye feature, and it intensified further over the Mona Passage. At 11:00 UTC, Jeanne attained hurricane status as it struck the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic on September 16. It quickly weakened over land, and late on September 17, Jeanne emerged back into the Atlantic Ocean as a tropical depression. Around that time, the NHC noted the potential that Jeanne could strike the southeastern United States in about five days; however, there was uncertainty in the forecast related to the remnants of Hurricane Ivan and a building ridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jeanne's original circulation dissipated as a new vorticity developed closer to the convection, and it soon regained tropical storm status. The storm moved northward through the Turks and Caicos Islands and slowly reorganized. Late on September 20, Jeanne re-attained hurricane status while passing northeast of the Bahamas. Around this time, it turned to the east and began executing a clockwise loop.<ref name="tcr"/> A large eye developed,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the hurricane crossed over its former track on September 23. By this time, cooler waters from upwelling caused Jeanne to weaken briefly, followed by re-intensification on September 24.<ref name="tcr"/> As it moved toward warmer waters, Jeanne's central convection intensified as its outflow improved.<ref name="disc45">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="disc47">Template:Cite web</ref> At 12:00 UTC on September 25, Jeanne became a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale, which is major hurricane status. Two hours later, it made landfall on Abaco Island in the Bahamas, and later it moved over Grand Bahama Island.<ref name="tcr"/>

Originally, the NHC anticipated that Jeanne would turn northwestward and move ashore northeastern Florida.<ref name="disc45"/> However, the ridge to its north caused Jeanne to continue westward.<ref name="disc47"/> Late on September 25, Jeanne attained peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).<Ref name="tcr"/> An eyewall replacement cycle halted further strengthening, and at 0400 UTC on September 26, Jeanne made landfall at peak intensity on the southern end of Hutchinson Island near Stuart, Florida. Its eye was 58 mi (93 km) in diameter, and the minimum barometric pressure at landfall was Template:Convert.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="disc50">Template:Cite web</ref> The hurricane moved ashore in almost the same location that Hurricane Frances hit 21 days prior.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="frances">Template:Cite web</ref> As it moved inland, Jeanne weakened, quickly losing its eye.<ref name="tcr"/> By 14 hours after landfall, Jeanne weakened to tropical storm status near the Tampa Bay area.<ref name="tcr"/> After turning northward, Jeanne entered southern Georgia and weakened into a tropical depression.<ref name="tcr"/> The ridge to its north moved off the coast as a weak cold front moved toward Jeanne. The interaction between nearby dry air and Jeanne's circulation produced conditions favorable for a tornado outbreak.<ref name="exam">Template:Cite report</ref> After crossing into Virginia, Jeanne transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by September 29 near Washington, D.C. Later that day, the remnants of Jeanne exited into the Atlantic Ocean and merged with a cold front.<ref name="tcr"/>

Preparations

Caribbean

File:Jeanne 2004-09-16 1755Z.jpg
Hurricane Jeanne making landfall on the east coast of Hispaniola, September 16.

Upon Jeanne's formation, tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for islands across the northeastern Caribbean, including the Anguilla, Saba, Sint Eustatius, the Dutch portion of St. Martin, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The NHC issued hurricane warnings for the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) and Puerto Rico,<ref name="tcr"/> anticipating that Jeanne would become a hurricane before crossing the latter island.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> USVI Governor Charles Wesley Turnbull issued a state of emergency and ordered the territory's schools to close.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Airports in the territory closed during the storm passage. In Puerto Rico, all ports were closed, and most flights were canceled, while the island's power grid was turned off to prevent damage. Government offices and courts were also closed. Governor Sila María Calderón forbade the sale of alcohol during the storm. Ferry service was temporarily suspended between the mainland and both Vieques and Culebra.<ref name="ap916">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ap916b">Template:Cite news</ref> More than 1,000 people fled to evacuation shelters in Puerto Rico.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Vega Baja, an elderly man fell from a roof to his death while installing storm shutters.<ref name="ap916"/>

The first tropical storm watches for the Dominican Republic were issued on September 14. By the time Jeanne made landfall, hurricane warnings were in place between Saona Island and Puerto Plata, covering much of the country's northeast coast.<ref name="tcr"/> Across the Dominican Republic, 22,740 evacuated, more than half of whom stayed in one of 145 official shelters. Officials in the country advised residents to stay away from the coast and waterways.<ref name="dr917">Template:Cite web</ref> There were also tropical storm warnings along the northern coast of Haiti covering as far west as Môle-Saint-Nicolas.<ref name="tcr"/>

Bahamas

While Jeanne was still in the Caribbean, the Bahamas issued hurricane watches and warnings for the southeastern and central portion of the archipelago, beginning late on September 15. These were downgraded to tropical storm warnings by the time Jeanne moved through the region, and canceled altogether by September 19. Four days later, Jeanne again threatened the country, prompting additional hurricane watches and warnings for the central to northwestern Bahamas.<ref name="tcr"/> During Jeanne's second approach to the Bahamas, officials urged residents in low-lying homes to evacuate, while also setting up shelters on Abaco, Eleuthera, and Grand Bahama islands. About 2,500 people stayed at shelters during the hurricane. The international airport on Grand Bahama temporarily closed during the storm. Because Hurricane Frances struck only about three weeks prior, numerous houses were still patched with plastic sheeting on their roofs, while displaced residents were still living with neighbors or relatives. Several cruise ships were diverted away from the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="usaid928">Template:Cite report</ref>

United States

File:Jeanne 0922 5day.GIF
NHC forecast map on September 22, several days prior to landfall

On September 24, the NHC first issued hurricane warnings for the eastern Florida coast from Florida City to St. Augustine, including Lake Okeechobee. Additional hurricane warnings were later added for Florida's west coast from Englewood to the mouth of the Suwannee River on the Florida Panhandle. Tropical storm warnings were also issued as far west as Destin, for southern Florida, and as far northeast to central Georgia at the mouth of the Altamaha River.<ref name="tcr"/>

Due to Jeanne's threat, Florida governor Jeb Bush issued a state of emergency. On September 25, officials first issued voluntary evacuations for Palm Beach, Martin, and St. Lucie County counties. On the same day, the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant started to shut down. On September 26, officials in six east Florida counties issued evacuation orders for residents in barrier islands, low-lying areas, and mobile homes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Ultimately, about 2 million people were under mandatory evacuation orders across 28 counties. Roughly 61,000 people utilized one of 298 shelters. The roadways most used during the evuacuation were the Florida Turnpike and Interstate 75.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Preparations were complicated by the damage from Hurricane Frances, which made landfall in the state three weeks earlier. At least 21 county school districts closed classes. Schools in St. Lucie County remained closed since Hurricane Frances.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Florida Power and Light brought more than 2,500 electric workers from around the country to help with anticipated power outages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A National Football League game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Miami Dolphins was delayed by 7 hours and 30 minutes because of the storm.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

While Jeanne moved through the southeastern United States on September 27, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk of severe weather and tornadoes from Georgia to North Carolina.<ref name="exam"/>

Impact

Deaths related to Hurricane Jeanne
Country Total
Dominican Republic 23<ref name="04wmo"/>
Haiti 3,006<ref name="reut105"/>
United States Puerto Rico 7<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="prncdc"/><ref name="ap916"/>
Florida 6<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="mlbnws"/>
North Carolina 2<ref name="ncdeaths"/>
South Carolina 2<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="scrip"/>
Virginia 1<ref name="tcr"/>
Total: 3,047

Lesser Antilles

In its formative stages, Tropical Storm Jeanne dropped heavy rainfall across the northeastern Caribbean, reaching around Template:Convert on Guadeloupe.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="04wmo"/> The communes of Bouillante, Deshaies, and Pointe-Noire were the hardest hit. In Bouillante, 60 homes were damaged. The storm ruptured water pipes in the city of Bois Malher, isolating about 1,000 people. Damage to businesses resulted in 30 employees being laid-off. Crops also suffered impact, especially bananas. At the Malendure resort, which is located along the coast, the pier, restaurants, and dive base were rendered unusable. In Deshaies, 110 homes were severely damaged, including 60 in the city of Ferry. About a dozen boats were beached or capsized. Many roads and bridges were inflicted with damage.<ref name="maxi">Template:Cite news</ref> In Point-Noire, nearly 300 single-family homes were damaged or demolished. Three bridges were destroyed, while numerous roads were also affected. Further south in Vieux-Habitants, roads also suffered damage, particularly in the Beaugendre area, leaving a dozen households isolated. A primary school was impacted beyond repairs. In Saint-François, a trench was dug along a major highway to prevent a residential subdivision from flooding.<ref name="maxi"/>

The heavy rains also caused low-lying flooding on Antigua and Barbuda, where the rainfall reached Template:Convert.<ref name="04wmo">Template:Cite report</ref> In the British Virgin Islands, the storm's rains led to landslides that covered roads.<ref name="ap916b"/> In the United States Virgin Islands, Jeanne dropped Template:Convert of rainfall at Charlotte Amalie, the territory's capital on St. Thomas. Around 20 people on the island required rescue from floods. On the nearby island of Saint Croix, there were unofficial reports of Template:Convert wind gusts, while rainfall accumulated to Template:Convert. The storm caused landslides, flooding, and crop damage on the island.<ref name="vincdc"/> During the storm, two prisoners escaped from a St. Croix jail.<ref name="ap918pr"/> On St. John, the storm downed trees and caused landslides. Damage throughout the territory totaled US$6.4 million, and about 50,000 people lost power.<ref name="vincdc">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ap916b"/>

Puerto Rico

File:Jeanne 2004 Puerto Rico rainfall.gif
Rainfall map of Jeanne in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands

While moving across Puerto Rico, Jeanne dropped heavy rainfall which caused severe flooding along many rivers across the island.<ref name="tcr"/> Up to Template:Convert was recorded on the island of Vieques which corresponded to a 1 in a 100 year event.<ref name="prncdc">Template:Cite web</ref> A station at Cayey recorded a wind gust of Template:Convert, the highest recorded in Puerto Rico. Across Puerto Rico, Jeanne caused four direct fatalities. A woman died in Yabucoa when her home collapsed.<ref name="tcr"/> A person drowned along a stream in Moca. Two people died, and another was injured, when a tree struck a car near Yauco after the storm had passed. There were also fatalities indirectly related to the storm's passage, including two deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning from using generators.<ref name="prncdc"/> About 70% of the island was still without electricity by three days after the storm, and half did not have running water; officials issued boil-water advisories as a result.<ref name="ap918pr">Template:Cite news</ref>

Storm damage on Puerto Rico reached $169.5 million. This included about $101.5 million in crop damage, half of which involved bananas or plantains, affecting more than Template:Convert of farmlands. The storm also damaged coffee and wheat fields.<ref name="prncdc"/> The island's power grid incurred about $60 million in damage, with an additional $8 million in damage to water systems. Throughout the island, the storm closed 302 roads and bridges due to landslides and fallen trees. Flooding forced 3,629 people to evacuate their houses to emergency shelters. The storm damaged schools, homes, and businesses.<ref name="prncdc"/> 400 people had to evacuate near the Río Grande de Añasco.<ref name=autogenerated1>National Weather Service Forecast Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico (2007). Tropical Storm Jeanne: Hydrologic Summary for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands via the Internet Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.</ref>

Dominican Republic

Striking the Dominican Republic as a hurricane, Jeanne produced strong winds and heavy rainfall, leading to 23 fatalities.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="04wmo"/> A station at Cape Engaño, the easternmost point in the country, recorded 129 km/h (80 mph) winds. Rainfall reached Template:Convert at Saona Island over a three day period, including Template:Convert recorded on September 16. Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, recorded Template:Convert over three ays, while Cabrera along the northern coast reported Template:Convert over the same period.<ref name="04wmo"/> The rains led to river flooding and landslides, especially in the eastern half of the country.<ref name="04wmo"/><ref name="dr917"/> The Yuna River overflowed and forced more than 37,000 people to evacuate their homes.<ref name="ocha920"/> The swollen Soco River temporarily isolated about 4,000 people in Ramón Santana, and forced thousands of people to the roofs of their houses in San Pedro de Macorís.<ref name="04wmo"/><ref name="dr917"/><ref name="ifrc920"/> Damage totaled $270 million, which represented about 1.7% of the country's GDP. Hurricane Jeanne destroyed bridges and cut off roads, while also causing outages for electricity and telephone.<ref name="04wmo"/> About 40% of El Seibo and Samaná provinces had damage to their electrical grid.<ref name="ifrc920"/> Hundreds of people were left homeless.<ref name="04wmo"/> Floods knocked down trees and caused crop damage, with several farms losing all of their livestock.<ref name="dr917"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Haiti

File:Haiti flood 1.jpg
Flooding in Haiti

Although Jeanne's center passed north of Haiti, its large circulation dropped heavy rainfall across the country from September 17–19. Rainfall totals reached Template:Convert over a 36 hour period. The intense rainfall produced floods and landslides across the country, leading to 3,006 fatalities. In the coastal city of Gonaïves, floodwaters reached Template:Convert deep, resulting in 2,826 fatalities.<ref name="tcr"/><ref name="04wmo"/><ref name="ifrc924">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="reut105">Template:Cite news</ref> There were 65 deaths in Nord-Ouest department, mostly in Port-de-Paix, while around 300,000 people in the province were left homeless.<ref name="ifrc922"/><ref name="usaid924">Template:Cite web</ref> There were also 47 deaths elsewhere in Haiti.<ref name="ifrc922"/> Nationwide, Jeanne destroyed around 1,900 houses, while damaging another 3,500 homes.<ref name="usaid1013"/> Damage was heaviest in Artibonite, Centre, Nord-Ouest, and Sud departments.<ref name="ifrc922">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the large number of deaths, many of the corpses were either incinerated or buried in mass graves.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In one instance, families of the deceased protested the mass burials and their lack of proper burial by throwing stones at a truck delivering corpses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The floods and landslides were made worse by ongoing deforestation in the country, as well as floods in May 2004 that killed thousands in the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="arc922"/> The country was also lacking proper disaster management when Jeanne struck, ruled by an interim government following a coup d'état, with security assistance from the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="guard922">Template:Cite news</ref>

The floods from Jeanne inundated about 80% of Gonaïves, a city of around 100,000 people. Residents were forced onto their roofs or to flee to safer areas, including 600 people that stayed in the city's cathedral. The infrastructure of Gonaïves was largely destroyed, with no functioning water system and limited electricity after Jeanne's passage. The floods blocked roads connecting Gonaïves with both Saint-Marc and Port-de-Paix. Floodwaters also destroyed the city's two hospitals and 90% of private clinics.<ref name="wfp920">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ifrc920">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ocha920">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ocha921">Template:Cite web</ref><Ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ifrc924"/><ref name="who927">Template:Cite web</ref> About 450 members of MINUSTAH were displaced when floods damaged their camp.<ref name="paho921">Template:Cite web</ref> About 30% of the city of Port-de-Paix was inundated by Les Trois Rivières, while parts of the city was covered in landslides.<ref name="ocha920"/> In Gros-Morne, 100 houses were destroyed.<ref name="ifrc924"/> The floods also washed away crops and livestock across the region.<ref name="ifrc920"/>

Bahamas

While moving through the Bahamas, Jeanne produced winds of major hurricane-force on Grand Bahama and Abaco islands.<ref name="tcr"/> The hurricane further damaged homes that were previously damaged by Hurricane Frances only three weeks earlier.<Ref name="ifrc104"/> Nationwide, about 800 homes were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="japan928"/> Across Grand Bahama and Abaco, Jeanne damaged power and water systems, as well as several roads.<ref name="echo1119">Template:Cite report</ref> Prime Minister Perry Christie declared both island groups as disaster areas on September 27.<ref name="disasterarea">Template:Cite web</ref> At Settlement Point on Grand Bahama, a Coastal-Marine Automated Network weather station recorded 142 km/h (89 mph).<ref name="tcr"/> Floodwaters inundated the island's international airport, temporarily closing it. Storm surge flooding also entered several homes near the coast in the eastern portion of the island. Storm shelters in Eight Mile Rock were damaged due to the hurricane's passage.<Ref name="ifrc104">Template:Cite report</ref> Floodwaters reached Template:Convert deep on Eleuthera, and Template:Convert deep at Marsh Harbour on Abaco. About one-third of the homes at Sandy Point had flood damage, with several homes also experienced roofing damage. In the Berry Islands, Jeanne eroded a causeway while also damaging homes and schools.<ref name="usaid928"/><ref name="cadera927">Template:Cite web</ref>

United States

Throughout the mainland United States, Hurricane Jeanne left $7.66 billion in damage.<ref name="costliest">Template:Cite report</ref> There were also five direct deaths in the country – three in Florida, one in South Carolina, and one in Virginia.<ref name="tcr"/>

Florida

File:FEMA - 11375 - Photograph by Mark Wolfe taken on 09-28-2004 in Florida.jpg
Storm surge and wave action from Hurricane Jeanne severely eroded Vero Beach

While moving through Florida, Jeanne produced hurricane-force winds along a 105 mi (165 km) portion of the coast, from near Stuart to near Cape Canaveral, and extending about halfway across the state. Tropical storm-force winds affected much of central Florida. The strongest sustained winds in the state was 91 mph (146 km/h), recorded at the Melbourne NWS office. Wind gusts reached 128 mph (205 km/h) at Fort Pierce Inlet, and 122 mph (196 km/h) in Vero Beach.<ref name="tcr"/> South of the landfall location, the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport recorded wind gusts of Template:Convert, while Naples Municipal Airport recorded gusts to Template:Convert.<ref name="miami">Template:Cite web</ref> Farther inland, Orlando International Airport recorded gusts of 77 mph (124 km/h).<ref name="tcr"/> Jeanne also spawned nine tornadoes in the state, most of which were in the eyewall or innermost rainbands. An F1 tornado touched down west of Vero Beach, knocking down trees near its path. An F0 twister knocked off an antenna on a condomium in Flagler Beach. Over a 20 minute period, two F1 tornadoes hit Barefoot Bay in Brevard County; the former knocked down a few trees, while the latter damaged about a dozen houses. An F0 tornado touched down in Codys Corner in Flagler County, damaging trees and power lines. The remaining tornadoes were all rated F0, and all touched down in St. Johns County.<ref name="mlbnws">Template:Cite report</ref><ref>

While moving ashore, Jeanne produced above-normal tides while moving ashore, with a Template:Convert storm surge recorded in Cape Canaveral.<ref name="tcr"/> High tides and waves eroded beaches from Jupiter Inlet to New Smyrna Beach, in combination with the previous Hurricane Frances, while also eroding parts of the Intracoastal Waterway. From Martin to Brevard counties, the storm surge occurred around the time of low tide, which limited damaging tidal floods. In New Smyrna Beach, the surge coincided with the high tides, resulting in significant erosion. Sand and ocean water covered parts of Florida State Road A1A, and parts of the route was washed away on Hutchinson Island. Erosion also damaged parts of the Sebastian Inlet Bridge, closing it for a week.<ref name="mlbnws"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Water levels along Lake Okeechobee reached Template:Convert above normal, which flooded a few marinas.<ref name="miami"/> Above normal tides occurred as far south as Key West, with portions of its airport inundated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While Jeanne's circulation produced offshore winds along Florida's west coast, Cedar Key recorded a negative storm surge of Template:Convert below-normal tides. The hurricane also dropped heavy rainfall across the state, with the heaviest totals recorded along the eyewall's path through Osceola, Brevard, and Indian River counties.<ref name="tcr"/> Precipitation in the state peaked at Template:Convert, recorded in Kenansville in Osceola County.<ref name="rain">Template:Cite web</ref> In Holder in Citrus County, the Withlacoochee River swelled to a record crest of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Jeanne Orlando damage.jpg
Damaged signs in Orlando caused by Jeanne

Across Florida, the passage of the hurricane directly led to three fatalities. A man drowned in Palm Bay in Brevard County, driving his car into a flooded ditch. In Indian River County, an elderly woman died a few days after being injured during evacuations. A man in Clay County, a falling tree limb struck killed a child.<ref name="tcr">Template:Cite web</ref> There were several additional fatalities indirectly related to the hurricane. A man in St. Lucie County was electrocuted by a downed power line. In Orange County, a man died after falling off a ladder while using a chainsaw. In Lake County, a woman died due to a fire, caused by a candle lit during a power outage.<ref name="mlbnws"/> Statewide, the hurricane left around 2 million people without power.<ref name="cnn927">Template:Cite news</ref> The hurricane added to the agriculture damage caused by previous hurricanes Charley and Frances.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Jeanne destroyed the roofs of several homes that were previously damaged by Frances.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In Martin County where Jeanne moved ashore, the hurricane damaged 4,234 homes, including 181 that were destroyed.<ref name="mlbnws"/> The hurricane destroyed half of the roof for the Martin Memorial Hospital North in Stuart, which had just been repaired following Hurricane Jeanne.<ref name="cnn927"/> In St. Lucie County to the north, damage totaled $1.2 billion.<ref name="mlbnws"/> Thousands of homes in the county were damaged or destroyed, with dozens of mobile home trailer parks heavily damaged. In Fort Pierce Inlet, Jeanne's high tides destroyed dozens of boats. Damage reached $2 billion in Indian River County, with more than 41,000 homes damaged to some degree. Officials advised most Indian River County residents to boil water, due to power outages. Damage in neighboring Brevard County reached $320 million. Farther north, thousands of homes were damaged in Volusia County due to the combination of high winds and floods along the St. Johns River.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ap927">Template:Cite news</ref> South of the landfall location, the rains caused generally minor flooding, with locally severe floods in Palm Beach Gardens, Jupiter, and on farms in western Palm Beach County. Damage in the Miami area was greatest in Palm Beach County, reaching at least $260 million; this included $30 million in county agriculture damage.<ref name="miami"/>

Farther inland, Jeanne damaged roofs and mobile homes from Okeechobee to Orange counties. In Lake County, more than 2,800 homes were damaged, 111 of which were destroyed. The storm also damaged citrus and other crops across the area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> About 2,000 houses sustained severe damage in Highlands County, including 140 that were destroyed. Damage in the county reached $452 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Lakeland in Polk County, a retention pond overflowed and caused parts of a strip mall to collapse.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Floods closed streets in St. Cloud in Osceola County, including parts of U.S. Route 192.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most rivers across northern Florida reached flood stage, which closed portions of Interstate 10. In Live Oak, several roads were washed out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Parts of Punta Gorda were flooded by Jeanne's storm surge, while gusty winds removed the tarps from roofs damaged previously by Hurricane Charley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Dixie County along the Florida panhandle, Jeanne damaged 215 homes, with 15 of them destroyed. The storm also washed out 30 county roads.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Southeastern United States

File:Jeanne 2004 rainfall.gif
Storm total Rainfall from Jeanne

As Jeanne moved through the southeastern United States, it still produced gale-force wind gusts. Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport recorded wind gusts to Template:Convert. The storm led to above-normal tides and beach erosion along the coast.<ref name="chscnws"/> The storm also spawned five weak tornadoes across Georgia, all of them rated F0. The first touched down briefly in a forest in northern Clinch County, with at least 20 trees snapped or knocked down. Two tornadoes struck Bulloch County, one near Statesboro and the other near Portal. They both damaged a few trees. Weak tornadoes also touched down near Millhaven in Screven County and near Perkins in Jenkins County.<ref name="chscnws"/><ref>

While Jeanne was moving through the Bahamas, it produced rip currents that killed a swimmer in Murrells Inlet, South Carolina; five other people required rescue.<ref name="scrip">Template:Cite web</ref> During its passage through the southeastern United States, Jeanne produced a severe weather outbreak across the region, spawning 17 tornadoes in South Carolina.<ref name="exam"/><ref name="chscnws">Template:Cite web</ref> The most significant was an F2 that touched down near Ridgeway in Fairfield County, South Carolina. The twister destroyed five mobile homes while damaging two other homes, killing one person and injuring 13 others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="tcr"/> There were six tornadoes that were rated F1. The first hit near Alcolu in Clarendon County, which destroyed two mobile homes and damaged a school, injuring four people. Near Lake City, a twister destroyed a barn and damaged a house. In Georgetown County, a tornado destroyed several sheds and outhouses, while also moving a mobile home off its foundation. In Marion County, a tornado damaged two homes, along with sheds and power lines. A twister in Newberry County damaged five houses. The final F1 tornado touched down near Gaffney, which destroyed a mobile home.<ref>

Along the North Carolina coast, rip currents and high surf in North Carolina killed a swimmers in Corolla in Currituck County and Oak Island in Brunswick County.<ref name="ncdeaths">

Mid-Atlantic

File:Jeanne Tornado Damage.JPG
Damage from a tornado spawned by Hurricane Jeanne in Delaware

Template:See also As the storm moved northward east of the Appalachian Mountains, it continued producing heavy rains and flash flooding. Rainfall exceeded 6.00 inches (150 mm) as far north as New Jersey and Pennsylvania.Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States Flash floods killed a woman in Patrick County, Virginia.<ref name="tcr"/>

In Maryland, Jeanne produced up to Template:Convert of rain,<ref name="Mid Atl"/> triggering flash flooding throughout the state.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Numerous roads were flooded,<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> including parts of Maryland Route 17.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Several rivers rose above their flood-stage, with the Big Elk Creek cresting at Template:Convert, Template:Convert above food-stage.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> A total of 50 roads were closed due to high water throughout the state. Numerous reports of stranded vehicles were sent to the Emergency Operations Center. In Carroll County, a group of inmates required rescue after the jail they were in flooded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One brief F0 tornado touched down in the state near Solomons, causing minor damage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Throughout Delaware, the remnants of Jeanne produced between Template:Convert of rain,<ref name="NCDCDE1">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> peaking at Template:Convert at the University of Delaware.<ref name="Mid Atl"/> This led to widespread street flooding and several rivers overflowed their banks. Forty people had to be rescued from a bus along the White Clay Creek after the creek crested at Template:Convert above flood-stage.<ref name="NCDCDE1"/> A strong F2 tornado touched down in the state, injuring five people and leaving $1 million in damages. The tornado touched down in northern New Castle County and tracked for Template:Convert and generated winds up to Template:Convert. The county airport sustained significant damage, five C-130 cargo planes were damaged, thousands of pounds of jet fuel spilled, and damaged hangars. At a nearby industrial park, metal siding was torn off buildings, windows were shattered and power lines were downed. A self-storage facility sustained substantial damage.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

The heavy rains resulted in severe flash flooding in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and its Pennsylvania and New Jersey suburbs on September 28. Tornadoes also touched down in Wilmington, Delaware and Cherry Hill, New Jersey.Template:Cn

Aftermath

As a result of the hurricane's impact, the name Jeanne was retired from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used for an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was replaced with the name Julia for the 2010 season.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Puerto Rico

In the day after the storm's passage, electric companies restored power to all but 870,000 people. Most of the western portion of the island was repaired first, as were hospitals and the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport.<ref name="herald">Template:Cite web</ref> On September 17, two days after Jeanne struck, United States President George W. Bush declared Puerto Rico a disaster area,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which provided for the cost of debris removal and emergency services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the immediate aftermath, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funded crisis counseling services for storm victims, set up by the Puerto Rico Department of Health/ Mental Health and Anti-Addiction Services Administration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After the storm's passage, FEMA established six disaster recovery centers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ultimately, more than 206,000 people applied for disaster assistance, including grants for essential repairs and temporary housing. FEMA approved the request for 155,933 people, providing $401.1 million in aid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In March 2005, the US Government provided $14.6 million in aid for reconstruction projects, including repairs to the power grid, as well as general road and bridge restoration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Haiti

After the deadly floods in Haiti, Prime Minister Gérard Latortue declared three days of national mourning.<ref name="ifrc920"/> On September 22, members of the Haitian interim government, the United Nations, and the International Red Cross launched an appeal to the international community for donations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ifrc922"/><ref name="guard922"/> The flood-stricken city Gonaïves was without electricity or communications. Road access was cut off until September 20, when the UN peacekeeping mission, MINUSTAH, reopened the road. Haiti's Ministry of Agriculture shipped water from St. Marc to Gonaïves, with assistance from the local Red Cross. On September 20 and again on the following day, the World Food Programme (WFF) sent a fleet of 12 trucks to Gonaïves, carrying 40 tons of food and 5,000 loaves of bread each day.<ref name="ifrc920"/><ref name="ifrc924"/><ref name="wfp920"/> Workers used trucks, boats, mules, and donkeys to distribute food to nearby villages.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the streets of Gonaïves remained covered in mud and stagnant floodwaters for weeks after the storm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to damaged or blocked roads, Air Serv International helped transport relief workers to the hardest hit areas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Over a 12 day period after the disaster, CARE International provided meals to more than 278,000 people, equal to 961 metric tons of food.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> United Nations troops used gunfire to suppress looting at food distribution locations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Due to the insecurity, several nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) stopped their work in Gonaïves.<ref name="USAID1013">Template:Cite web</ref> Violence in Port-au-Prince, associated with protests supporting previous Haitian President Aristide, disrupted food transport for a week, until conditions became safer on October 7.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><Ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, there were at least four instances of aid trucks being attacked or looted by mid-November, and three WFP trucks that were hijacked in December. On December 31, a mob looted four metric tons of food from a food truck.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On January 13, 2005, UN peacekeepers had to use tear gas after riots developed at a food distribution site.<ref name="ocha222">Template:Cite web</ref> The damage from Jeanne, in addition to subsequent drought conditions, diminished crop harvests in central Haiti by February 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the six months after the storm, the WFP distributed 6,386 metric tons of food to people affected by the floods. Food distribution ended on March 14, 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The World Health Organization (WHO) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) worked together to coordinate medical needs, providing personnel to assist local health departments and other humanitarian agencies. Teams from Médecins Sans Frontières, Cuba, and Argentina operated four field hospitals in Gonaïves, while Médecins du Monde opened a medical center.<ref name="usaid924"/><ref name="ifrc924"/><ref name="who927"/> The Canadian and Norwegian Red Cross set up an emergency field hospital while also repairing one of the city's damaged hospitals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A team of Mexican health workers flew to Haiti to help with animal and bug control, as well as other illnesses. By October 18, health access in Gonaïves improved to the levels before the floods. A day later, emergency relief activities ended, although thousands of people remained homeless.<ref name="usaid1013">Template:Cite web</ref> The French Red Cross set up a water station capable of producing Template:Convert of clean water each day.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were 20 water distribution sites by mid-October.<ref name="usaid1013"/> UNICEF, or the UN's Children's Fund, helped restore 50 schools by the start of the 2005 school year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The World Bank International Development Agency provided more than $19 million toward the Emergency Recovery and Disaster Risk Management Project, which helped improved Haiti's capacity to manage natural disasters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2005, the Inter-American Development Bank provided a $27.1 million loan to help farmers along the Rivière la Quinte by providing seeds and soil management.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Various countries and organizations helped Haiti in the storm's aftermath.<ref name="USAID1013"/> The Organization of American States donated $25,000 to Haiti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided $38 million in assistance, in addition to ongoing assistance after the country's floods in May 2004. The aid was distributed through a variety of agencies, while also setting up cash-for-work projects.<ref name="USAID1013"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Canadian International Development Agency sent a flight with 14 tons of supplies to Haiti, while also donating $1 million to the WFP.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The European Community Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) provided €4 million toward ongoing relief efforts in the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Separately, Germany authorized €200,000 in emergency aid, while the Netherlands sent €250,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The British Red Cross provided hygiene kits, blankets, and kitchen sets.<ref name="arc922">Template:Cite web</ref> South Africa sent US$1 million to the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency toward disaster relief in the Caribbean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The government of Japan sent generators, jerrycans, and other supplies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Australian Agency for International Development provided A$100,000 to CARE Haiti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> CARE helped restore water systems in Gonaïves, while also providing corn, bean and sorghum seeds to rural farmers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Workers from Hydro-Québec helped restore electricity to water irrigation pumps.<ref name="ocha222"/> The government of New Zealand sent NZ$100,000 each to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and UNICEF.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Gates Foundation donated $300,000 toward CARE's flood relief work in the country.<Ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Adventist Development and Relief Agency International distributed shoes, medicine, and food, while also providing counseling services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rise Against Hunger sent a boat with nearly $3 million in supplies, including food and medicine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Télécoms Sans Frontières set up temporary telephone access for about 2,000 families over a 19 day period.<ref name="USAID1013"/> On December 14, 2004, Haitian musician Wyclef Jean released a music video for his song Gonaïves, to raise awareness and funds for the WFP and Jean's charitable organization, Yéle Haiti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bahamas

Across the Bahamas, workers began clearing roads and restoring power after the storm passed.<ref name="cadera927"/> Due to the severe damage from Jeanne in Abaco and Grand Bahama islands, as well as previous damage from Hurricane Frances, Bahamian Prime Minister Perry Christie requested international assistance for rebuilding.<ref name="disasterarea"/> The government of Japan provided ¥5.5 million worth of emergency supplies, including tents and generators.<ref name="japan928">Template:Cite web</ref>

United States

Template:Expand section The collective response to hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne represented the largest operations in the history of both the American Red Cross and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The previous largest FEMA operation was the response to the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Florida governor Jeb Bush deployed more than 3,000 national guard members to help with relief work.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ap927"/>

Occurring weeks before the 2004 U.S. presidential election, the hurricane had significant political implications for the state of Florida. The storm cutting off electricity in the state lead to a lack of polling data, resulting in reduced campaign strategy by both candidates. In addition, especially in the aftermath of the previous election, Democrats made efforts to ensure everyone could vote in the aftermath of the hurricane.<ref>Hurricanes Change Florida Politics, ABC News, September 30, 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2025</ref>

See also

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References

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