Hyphessobrycon

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Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acestrorhamphidae, the American characins.<ref name = "Cof family"/> These species are among the fishes known as tetras. The genus is distributed in the Neotropical realm from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina. Many of these species are native to South America; about six species are from Central America, and a single species, H. compressus, is from southern Mexico.<ref name=FB>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>

All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about Template:Cvt.<ref name=FB/> Great anatomical diversity exists in this genus.<ref name=Lucena2003>Template:Cite journal</ref> They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms, and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

Taxonomy

Hyphessobrycon was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1908 by the American entomologist and ichthyologist Marion Durbin, with its type species designated as Hemigrammus compressus,<ref name = "Cof family"/> a species described in 1904 by Seth Eugene Meek, with its type locality given as the Río Papaloapam basin at El Hule, Oaxaca, Mexico.<ref name = "Cof genus">Template:Cof genus</ref> The genus Hyphessobrycon is the type genus of the subfamily Hyphessobryconinae, within the American characin family Acestrorhamphidae.<ref name=Melo>Template:Cite journal</ref> This family is classified within the suborder Characoidei of the order Characiformes.<ref name=ECoF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

This large genus of characins includes nearly 150 species.<ref name=FB/> The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.<ref name=Lima2003>Template:Cite journal</ref> Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.<ref name=Bertaco2005>Template:Cite journal</ref> With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917.<ref name=Lucena2003/> By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the caudal fin.<ref name=Lucena2003/> The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from Hemigrammus is not satisfactory, as it occurs in intermediate conditions.<ref name=Lucena2003/>

This genus, as traditionally defined, was not monophyletic.<ref name=Lucena2003/> A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males.<ref name=Bertaco2005/> In 2024, this clade was split from Hyphessobrycon as the revived genus Megalamphodus, and was found to belong to a different tetra subfamily.<ref name = Melo/> Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species.<ref name=Bertaco2005/> Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.<ref name=Bertaco2005/>

Etymology

The generic name, Hyphessobrycon, is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson, which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).<ref name=FB/>

Relationship to humans

File:Roter von Rio - Hyphessobrycon flammeus.jpg
The flame tetra (H. flammeus) is bred in large numbers in captivity and common in the aquarium trade, but rare in the wild.<ref name=Carvalho2014>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=SeriouslyFish/>

Most of the species in the genus have not been rated by the IUCN Red List as Threatened, but many species have small distributions and at least three, H. flammeus,<ref name=Carvalho2014/> H. coelestinus and H. duragenys, are classified as endangered.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One, H. taurocephalus, is categorised as possibly extinct.<ref name=Carvalho2014/><ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref> This species only occurs in a few rivers and streams in Santa Catarina and Paraná states of Brazil.

Many Hyphessobrycon species are popular aquarium fish, and some, including H. flammeus, are bred in large numbers in captivity.<ref name=SeriouslyFish>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Korotev2017>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Species

Hyphessobrycon contains the following valid species:<ref name = "Cof genus"/>

References

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