I Heard It Through the Grapevine

Template:Infobox song "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967. It went to number one on the Billboard R&B Singles chart and number two on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and shortly became the biggest selling Motown single up to that time.

The Miracles were the first to record the song in 1966,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but their version was not released until August 1968 when it was included on their album Special Occasion. The Marvin Gaye version was the second to be recorded in the beginning of 1967 but the third to be released. It appeared on his 1968 album In the Groove a year and a half later where it gained the attention of radio disc jockeys. Motown founder Berry Gordy finally agreed to its release as a single on the Tamla subsidiary in October 1968; the record went to the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks from December 1968 to January 1969, overtaking the Gladys Knight & the Pips version as the biggest hit single on the Motown family of labels up to that point.Template:Citation needed

The Gaye recording has since become an acclaimed soul classic. In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for "historical, artistic and significant" value. In 2004, it was placed 80th on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> then re-ranked at 81 in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2021, it was ranked 119. And on the commemorative fortieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008, Marvin Gaye's "Grapevine" was ranked sixty-fifth. In 2018, the Gladys Knight & the Pips version was also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In addition to being released several times by Motown artists, the song has been recorded by a range of musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival,<ref name=":0" /> who made an eleven-minute interpretation for their 1970 album, Cosmo's Factory.

Composition

The song is composed in E-flat minor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The lyrics tell the story in the first person of the singer's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend's infidelity only indirectly "through the 'grapevine'".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By 1966, Barrett Strong, the singer on Motown Records' breakthrough hit, "Money (That's What I Want)", had the basics of a song he had started to write in Chicago, where the idea had come to him while walking down Michigan Avenue that people were always saying "I heard it through the grapevine".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The phrase is associated with black slaves during the Civil War, who had their form of telegraph: the human grapevine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Shapiro/> Producer Norman Whitfield worked with Strong on the song, adding lyrics to Strong's basic Ray Charles-influenced gospel tune and the single chorus line of "I heard it through the grapevine".<ref name=H-160>Template:Cite book</ref> This was to be the first of a number of successful collaborations between Strong and Whitfield.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Motown recordings

Producer Norman Whitfield recorded "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" with various Motown artists.

The Miracles

The first known recording is with The Miracles on August 6, 1966,<ref name=":0" /> though there may also have been a recording with the Isley Brothers, or at least Whitfield intended to record it with them;<ref name=":0" /> however, a track has not turned up – some Motown historians believe that a session may have been scheduled but cancelled.<ref name=H-160/><ref name=McLean>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Motown: The History, page 56, Sharon Davis, Gullane, 1988</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Miracles' version was not released as a single due to Berry Gordy's veto during Motown's weekly quality control meetings.<ref name=":0" /> Gordy advised Whitfield and Strong to create a stronger single.<ref name=McLean/> The Miracles version later appeared on their 1968 Special Occasion album, and a slightly different take, possibly from the same session but unreleased, appeared on the 1998 compilation album, Motown Sings Motown Treasures.<ref name=CS>Template:Cite book</ref>

Marvin Gaye

Marvin Gaye's version, released on his 1968 album In the Groove, is the second known recording.<ref name=":0" /> Whitfield recorded the song with Gaye over five sessions, the first on February 3, 1967, and the last on April 10, 1967.<ref name=Shapiro>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Recordings of this version took more than a month due to Whitfield overdubbing Gaye's vocals with that of the Andantes' background vocals, mixing in several tracks featuring the Funk Brothers on the rhythm track, and adding the string section from the Detroit Symphony Orchestra with an arrangement by Paul Riser.<ref name=Shapiro/>

The session featuring Gaye led to an argument between the producer and singer. Whitfield wanted Gaye to perform the song in a higher key than his normal range,<ref name=H-160/> a move that had worked on David Ruffin during the recording of the Temptations' hit, "Ain't Too Proud to Beg". According to Gerald Posner, Whitfield was confident that he had a hit; however, despite approval from Motown's Quality Control Department, Gordy blocked the release.<ref name=Posner>Template:Cite book</ref>

Gladys Knight & the Pips

Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded "Grapevine" on June 17, 1967, in Motown's Studio A, also with Norman Whitfield as producer.<ref name=":0" /> After hearing Aretha Franklin's version of "Respect", Whitfield rearranged "Grapevine" to include some of the funk elements of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. According to David Ritz, Whitfield set to record a song that would "out-funk" Aretha. After Whitfield presented the demo tapes, Gladys Knight, Bubba Knight, William Guest, and Edward Patten worked for several weeks on their vocal arrangement. To make the song suitable for Gladys, the first line of the second verse ("I know a man ain't supposed to cry/But these tears I can't hold inside") was altered to ("Take a good look at these tears in my eyes/Baby, these tears I can't hold inside"). After much talk, Gordy reluctantly allowed the Pips' version to be a single on September 28, 1967, on Motown's Soul label.<ref name=":0" />

Other Motown artists

In 1968, Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Knight's recent hit. But after hearing the Marvin Gaye version, they felt they had made the wrong choice.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> In 1969, Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations "psychedelic soul" album, Cloud Nine, in which he "brought compelling percussion to the fore, and relegated the piano well into the wings".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1971, the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Gaye-styled version.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Releases

Since both the Miracles' and Marvin Gaye's renditions of the song were rejected by Gordy as a single, Gladys Knight & the Pips' version became the first to be released, on September 28, 1967, on Motown's Soul label, with "It's Time to Go Now" on the B-side.<ref name=":0" /> Motown put little support behind it and the Pips relied on connections with DJs across the United States to get the record played. The Pips' version of "Grapevine" reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart on November 25, 1967, and stayed there for six weeks, making it the group's second R&B number one after 1961's "Every Beat of My Heart". It reached number two on the Billboard Pop Singles chart the same month,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with the Monkees' "Daydream Believer" holding top spot. It was Motown's best-selling single to that point, remaining in the top 10 of the Hot 100 for nearly two months. The song was later placed on the Gladys Knight & the Pips album Everybody Needs Love.<ref name=":0" />

After this success Whitfield again wanted Gordy to release Gaye's "Grapevine" as a single, but Gordy did not want to release another version after the Pips had already made a hit out of it.<ref name=Posner/> In August 1968, Whitfield added "Grapevine" to Gaye's new album In the Groove.<ref name=Posner/> On release "Grapevine" became a radio hit and, according to Gordy himself, "The DJs played it so much off the album that we had to release it as a single".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> So Gaye's version was released as a single on October 30, 1968. Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" eventually outsold the Pips', and until The Jackson 5's "I'll Be There" 20 months later, was the biggest hit single of all time on the Motown label. It stayed at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart<ref name="unt">Template:Cite web</ref> for seven weeks, from December 14, 1968, to January 25, 1969.<ref name=":0" /> Gaye's "Grapevine" also held number one on the R&B chart during the same seven weeks,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and stayed at number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks starting on March 26, 1969. The label was pleased with the success, although Gaye, depressed because of issues such as the illness of singing partner Tammi Terrell (which would kill her less than a year later), was quoted as saying that his success "didn't seem real" and that he "didn't deserve it".<ref name=Posner/> Cash Box said of it that "tremendous percussion and a brilliant production job add even more luster to a terrific vocal."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Due to the song's success, In the Groove was re-issued as I Heard It Through the Grapevine and peaked at number two on the R&B album chart and number sixty-three on the album chart, which was at the time Marvin's highest-charted solo studio effort to date. Because of the success of both versions, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" was the first and last number one on the Billboard R&B chart in 1968: the Pips version was the first week of January, the Gaye version the last week of December. Gladys Knight was not pleased that Gaye's version usurped her own, and claimed that Gaye's version was recorded over an instrumental track Whitfield had prepared for a Pips song, an allegation Gaye denied.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref> In 1985, one year following Gaye's death, the song was re-released in the UK reaching number eight thanks to a Levi's commercial (starring Nick Kamen).<ref name=Robinson/>

Legacy

The Gaye recording has become an acclaimed soul classic. In 2004, it was placed at number 80 on Rolling StoneTemplate:'s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> with the comment that Whitfield had produced the song with a number of artists using different arrangements, and that on the Marvin Gaye recording he had a "golden idea" when he set the song "in a slower, more mysterious tempo".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In a new Rolling Stone list published in 2011, the single was placed slightly lower at number 81.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1998, the Marvin Gaye version of the song was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for "historical, artistic and significant" value. In June 2008, on the commemorative fiftieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine, the Marvin Gaye version was ranked as the sixty-fifth biggest song on the chart.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2018, the Gladys Knight & the Pips version was also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personnel

Marvin Gaye version

• Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye
• Background vocals by the Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps
• Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra
  • Hammond organ by Earl Van Dyke<ref name=Shapiro/>
  • Wurlitzer electronic piano by Johnny Griffith
  • Drums by Richard "Pistol" Allen (tom toms<ref>The Complete Motown Singles Vol. 8: 1968 [liner notes]. New York: Hip-O Select/Motown/Universal Records</ref>)<ref name=Shapiro/> and Uriel Jones<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
  • Bass by James Jamerson
  • Percussion by Jack Ashford
• String arrangement by Paul Riser<ref name=Shapiro/>

Gladys Knight & the Pips version

• Lead vocals by Gladys Knight
• Backing vocals by Merald Knight, William Guest, and Edward Patten
• Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers<ref>The Complete Motown Singles Vol. 7: 1967 [liner notes]. New York: Hip-O Select/Motown/Universal Records</ref>
  • Piano by Earl Van Dyke
  • Bass by James Jamerson
  • Drums by Benny Benjamin (cymbals and fills) and Uriel Jones (main rhythm)

Charts

Weekly charts

Gladys Knight & the Pips

Chart (1967–1968)	Peak position
Canada RPM Top Singles<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	5
UK Singles (OCC)	47
US Billboard Hot 100<ref name="ReferenceA">Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - Template:ISBN</ref>	2
US Cash Box Top 100<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	1

Marvin Gaye

Template:Single chart

Chart (1968–1969)	Peak position
Australia (Go-Set Top 40)<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>	40
Canadian RPM Top Singles<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	8
France (SNEP)<ref>Template:Cite web You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Marvin Gaye"</ref>	88
Ireland (IRMA)<ref name="IRL">Template:Cite web Only results when searching "I heard it through the grapevine"</ref>	7
Poland (Billboard)<ref name="Billboard May 24, 1969">Template:Cite magazine</ref>	2
South African Chart<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	3
UK (Official Charts Company)<ref name="UK">Template:Cite web</ref>	1
US Billboard Hot 100<ref name="awards">Template:Cite web</ref>	1
US Billboard Hot R&B Singles<ref name="awards"/>	1
US Cash Box Top 100<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	1

(Reissue version)

Template:Single chartTemplate:Single chartTemplate:Single chartTemplate:Single chart

Chart (1986)	Peak position
Irish Singles Chart<ref name="IRL"/>	4
UK (Official Charts Company)<ref name="UK"/>	8

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Chart (1973)	Peak position
Netherlands	10

Chart (1976)	Peak position
Canada RPM Top Singles<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	76
US Billboard Hot 100<ref name="ReferenceA"/>	43
US Cash Box Top 100	47

Roger Troutman

Chart (1981)	Peak position
US Billboard Hot 100<ref name="ReferenceA"/>	79
US Billboard R&B	1
US Cash Box Top 100<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	75

Year-end charts

Chart (1969)	Rank
Canada<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	28
US Billboard Hot 100<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	88
US R&B (Billboard)<ref name="Top69">Top Records on 1969 (Based on Billboard Charts)", Billboard, December 27, 1969, pp. 16–17. Accessed December 7, 2016.</ref>	40
US Cash Box<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	4

All-time charts

Chart (1958-2018)	Position
US Billboard Hot 100<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	84

Grapevine (Tiësto)

"Grapevine" is a song by Dutch DJ and producer Tiësto. It was released on October 26, 2018 in the Netherlands on the Musical Freedom label. It marked Tiësto's return to the Brazilian bass genre.<ref name="guettapen"/> Gaye's song is extensively sampled in the track, which was premiered during Tiësto's set at Ultra Music Festival 2018 in Miami.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The music video was released on January 12, 2020.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Fabien Dori from French webmedia Guettapen criticized the "cruel lack of originality" of the track, stating that "the drop seems strangely like the one from 'Boom', and this is not the generic vocal which will enhance the whole".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Track listing

Digital download (MF306)

1. "Grapevine" - 2:30

Digital download (MF306)

1. "Grapevine" (extended mix) - 3:27

Digital download / remixes (MF319)

1. "Grapevine" (Tujamo remix) - 3:21
2. "Grapevine" (John Christian remix) - 2:30
3. "Grapevine" (Carta remix) - 2:35

Charts

Template:Single chartTemplate:Single chart

Chart (2018)	Peak position

Other versions

In addition to being recorded several times by Motown artists, the song has been recorded by musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival, whose 11-minute version appeared on their 1970 album Cosmo's Factory.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The band had initially started to play the song live before rearranging it in the studio with a long jam-like instrumental part for their record.<ref name=":0" /> Unusually for such a long song, radio stations began to play the song, and eventually it was released as a single against the band's wishes.<ref name=":0" /> The release reached 43 on BillboardTemplate:'s chart, with more modest success in other countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In addition, funk musician Roger Troutman whose extended version taken from his 1981 solo album, The Many Facets of Roger,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> brought the song back to number one on the R&B chart in 1981, marking the third time the song reached the top spot on that chart. It also made the Billboard Hot 100, but was not a Pop success this time around, peaking at number 79.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

British punk band the Slits recorded the song in a post-punk style as the b-side to their first single Typical Girls.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1996, the Soultans released their version of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". It reached number 24 in Austria,<ref>austriancharts.at</ref> and charted in New Zealand, Germany and Belgium.<ref>charts.nz</ref><ref>chartsurfer.de</ref><ref name="charts">Swiss Charts; click further to access Austrian, New Zealand and Swiss charts. Retrieved November 30, 2007.</ref><ref>ultratop.be</ref> Queen Latifah used the original version as a rhythmic basis for her 1998 single "Paper", produced by Pras Michel for her album Order in the Court.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A cover of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by English indie rock band Kaiser Chiefs appears on the 2005 compilation album Help: A Day in the Life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In popular culture

"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" has been used twice in television commercials – each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version. For the 1985 Levi's 501 commercial "Launderette", featuring male model Nick Kamen, agency BBH and director Roger Lyons, owing to budgetary constraints, brought in Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge to recreate the sound of the Marvin Gaye original with Tony Jackson, a Barbadian background singer for Paul Young, handling vocals and P. P. Arnold on backing vocals.<ref name=Robinson/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The commercial's success prompted Tamla-Motown to re-release Gaye's single with the Levi's 501 logo on the sleeve — "an example of integrated marketing almost before the term was invented".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The record went to number eight on the UK Singles chart, marking its second chart performance.<ref name=Robinson>Template:Cite book</ref> A year later, in 1986, Buddy Miles was the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins which sang it as part of a TV advertising campaign.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Marvin Gaye's version of the song is used in the opening credits of The Big Chill (1983) as each of the main characters gets to hear (through the "grapevine") about the death of their college friend, and then travels to his funeral; the song serves in an extradiegetic fashion to both unite the main characters' friendship and to locate it nostalgically for the viewer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

References

Bibliography

• John Covach, Mark Spicer, Sounding Out Pop: Analytical Essays in Popular Music, 2010, University of Michigan Press
• Bill Dahl, Motown: The Golden Years, 2011, Krause Publications
• David N. Howard, Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings, 2004, Hal Leonard Corporation
• Gerald Posner, Motown : Music, Money, Sex, and Power, 2002, New York: Random House, Template:ISBN