In the Realm of the Senses

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In the Realm of the Senses (Template:Langx, Japanese: Template:Nihongo2, Ai no Korīda, "Bullfight of Love"<ref name=Turim>Template:Cite book</ref>) is a 1976 erotic art film written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is a fictionalised and sexually explicit treatment of a 1936 murder committed by Sada Abe.<ref name="Buckley">Template:Cite book</ref> An international coproduction of France and Japan, the film generated great controversy at the time of its release.<ref name="Buckley"/> The film had the involvement of pink film luminary Kōji Wakamatsu as co-screenwriter and assistant producer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While intended for mainstream wide release, the film contains scenes of unsimulated sexual activity between the actors (Eiko Matsuda and Tatsuya Fuji, among others).

Plot

In 1936 Tokyo, Sada Abe is a former prostitute who now works as a maid in a hotel. The hotel's owner, Kichizo Ishida, initiates an intense affair that consists of sexual experiments and various self-indulgences. Ishida leaves his wife to pursue his affair with Sada. Sada becomes increasingly possessive and jealous of Ishida, and Ishida more eager to please her. Their mutual obsession escalates until Ishida finds that she is most excited by strangling him during lovemaking, and he is killed in this fashion. Sada then severs his penis. While she is shown next to him naked, it is mentioned that she will walk around with his organ for four days before being arrested while smiling radiantly. Words written with blood can be read on his chest: "Sada Kichi the two of us forever."

Themes

The film explores themes of sexual obsession, power dynamics, and the blurred lines between violence and love, representing extreme consequences of resistance to social repression.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Cast

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Title

The film was released under the title of In the Realm of the Senses in the U.S. and the U.K., and under L'Empire des sens (Empire of the Senses) in France. The French title was taken from Roland Barthes's book about Japan, L'Empire des signes (Empire of Signs, 1970).<ref name=Turim/>

The original Japanese title Ai no Korīda was later reimagined as the title of the 1980 funk song "Ai No Corrida", originally recorded by Chaz Jankel and later brought to success by Quincy Jones in 1981.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Censorship

Strict censorship laws in Japan would not have allowed the film to be made according to Ōshima's vision.<ref name="Buckley"/> This obstruction was bypassed by officially listing the production as a French enterprise, and the undeveloped footage was shipped to France for processing and editing. At its premiere in Japan, the film's sexual activity was optically censored using reframing and blurring.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A book with stills and script notes from the film was published by San’ichishobo, and in 1976 the Japanese government brought obscenity charges against Ōshima and San’ichishobo.<ref name=Alexander>Alexander, James R., Obscenity, Pornography, and Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's 'In the Realm of the Senses' (17 April 2012). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 4 (winter 2003), pp. 148-168., Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2041314</ref> Ōshima testified in the trial and said. "Nothing that is expressed is obscene. What is obscene is what is hidden."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ōshima and the publisher were found not guilty in 1979; the government appealed and the Tokyo High Court upheld the verdict in 1982.<ref name=Alexander/>

In the United States, the film was initially banned upon its premiere at the 1976 New York Film Festival<ref name="bbcnews">Template:Cite news</ref> but was later screened uncut, and a similar fate awaited the film when it was released in West Germany. It was also banned because of a scene in which Kichi pushes an egg into Sada's vagina, forcing her to push it out before Kichi eats the egg. The film was not available on home video until 1990, although it was sometimes seen uncut in film clubs.

At the time, the only European country in which the film was banned was Belgium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ban was lifted in 1994,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Belgium has not censored a film of any kind since.

At the time of its initial screening at the 1976 London Film Festival, the British Board of Film Censors recommended that it be shown under private cinema club conditions to avoid the need for heavy cuts, but only after the Obscene Publications Act had been extended to films in 1977 to avoid potential legal problems.<ref name="BBFC">Case Study: L'Empire des Sens (In The Realm Of The Senses) Template:Webarchive, Students' British Board of Film Classification page</ref> The film opened at the Gate Cinema Club in 1978. It was given an official countrywide cinema release in 1991, though the video release was delayed until 2000 when it was passed with an "18" certificate (suitable for adults only). All of the adult sexual activity was left intact, but a shot in which Sada yanks the penis of a prepubescent boy after he misbehaves was reframed, zooming in so that only the reaction of the boy was shown.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Australia, the film was originally banned, but a censored version was made available in 1977. In 2000, it finally became available in its complete version.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The graphic sexual content of the production also caused it to be banned in Israel in 1987.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times">Template:Cite web</ref>

The film is available in uncut form in France, Germany, the United States (as part of The Criterion Collection), the Netherlands, Belgium and several other territories.Template:Citation needed

In Canada, when originally submitted to the provincial film boards in the 1970s, the film was rejected in all jurisdictions except Quebec, Manitoba and British Columbia. It was not until 1991 that individual provinces approved the film and gave it a certificate. However, in the Maritimes, the film was rejected again as the policies followed in the 1970s were still enforced.

In Brazil, the film was banned during the military dictatorship due to its explicit sex scenes. The ban was lifted in 1980.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Due to its sexual themes and explicit scenes, the film was the cause of great controversy in Portugal in 1991 after it aired on RTP. Some deemed it inappropriate even for the watershed slot, while others appreciated its airing. The film aired again on RTP2, almost unnoticed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Box office

In France, the film sold 1,730,874 tickets,<ref name="Europe">Template:Cite web</ref> grossing approximately Template:Currency<ref name="Euro">Template:Cite book</ref> ($5,203,732).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Germany, where it was released in 1978, the film sold 693,628 tickets,<ref name="Europe"/> grossing approximately Template:Currency<ref name="Euro"/> ($2,446,050).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Combined, the film sold 2,424,502 tickets<ref name="Europe"/> and grossed approximately Template:US$ in France and Germany.

Critical reception

On the film's release, Boxoffice wrote: "Oshima has handled some delicate themes in his past films and it is obvious here that he is attempting to make a bold statement, but what could have been a breakthrough in presenting explicit sex within a serious context quickly deteriorates into a very dull film."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a 2009 retrospective review in The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw gave the film 5/5 stars, writing: "This uncompromising film has not dated one iota, perhaps because films that are really about sex are still such a rarity, despite the supposed sexiness of everything that surrounds us. ... Oshima's film widens and deepens the sensual realm."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, Sight and Sound wrote: "Thirty-six years on, In the Realm of the Senses is still startlingly confrontational, the unambiguously unsimulated sex scenes staged with an acute awareness of their participants' inner psychology in a way that conventional porn doesn't just omit but actively shuns. At a time (the mid-1930s) when Japanese foreign policy was becoming aggressively externalised, the lovers Sada and Kichi try to achieve both total privacy and perfect sexual fusion, constantly under the scrutiny of numerous onscreen voyeurs and, even when ostensibly closeted away from prying eyes, the film's own audience. In a way that Bishop Berkeley would undoubtedly recognise, the private is permanently public."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Empire wrote: "Argued by some to be a serious exploration of the connection between death and eroticism, and by others to be a particularly repellent piece of pornography, Ai No Corrida is an undeniably powerful, stylish and impressive piece of work."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 84% based on 38 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.5 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Sexual taboos are broken and boundaries crossed In the Realm of the Senses, a fearlessly provocative psychosexual tale."<ref>Template:Rotten Tomatoes</ref>

See also

References

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Sources

Further reading

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