Independence Party (Iceland)
Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Icelandic political party
The Independence Party (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a conservative political party in Iceland. It is currently the second largest party in the Alþingi, with 14 seats. The chairman of the party is Guðrún Hafsteinsdóttir and the vice chairman of the party is Jens Garðar Helgason.
It was formed in 1929 through a merger of the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This united the two parties advocating the dissolution of the Union of Denmark and Iceland; dissolution was achieved in 1944, during the German occupation of Denmark. Since its formation in 1929, the party has won the largest share of the vote in every election except 2009 and 2024, when it fell behind the Social Democratic Alliance. Every Independence Party leader has also at some point held the office of Prime Minister. Since 1983 there have been only two governments that have excluded the Independence Party — the second cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir from 2009–2013, and the sitting government of Kristrún Frostadóttir.
On fiscal issues, the Independence Party is economically liberal,<ref name="siaroff">Template:Citation</ref> favouring privatisation,<ref>Fontaine, Andie Sophia (February 23, 2021). Iceland’s Political Parties: Who Are These People? The Reykjavik Grapevine. Retrieved: 1 3 September 2021.</ref> and opposed to interventionism. Positioned ideologically on the centre-right<ref name="macmillan">Nordic States and European Integration: Awkward Partners in the North? p.106. Edited by Malin Stegmann McCallion and Alex Brianson. Published by Palgrave Macmillan. First published in 2017. Published in Cham, Switzerland. Accessed via Google Books.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="monitor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of the political spectrum,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the party is most strongly supported by fishermen and high-income earners.<ref name="Siaroff 265"/> A longstanding member of the International Democracy Union, in September 2023 the party obtained associate member status in the European People's Party.
History
Established on 25 May 1929, the Independence Party was founded through a merger of the Conservative Party (1924) and the Liberal Party (1925).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It readopted the name of the historical Independence Party, which had split between the Conservatives and Liberals in 1927.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The fusion of the Icelandic conservative and liberal parties resulted in the ascension of the Independence Party to prominence, firmly establishing it as the primary non-socialist force in Scandinavian politics.<ref name=":0" /> From its first election, in 1931, it was the largest party in Iceland.<ref>Tomasson (1980), pp. 41–2</ref>
The Independence Party won the 2007 elections, increasing their seat tally in the Althing by three. It formed a new coalition government under Geir Haarde with the Social Democratic Alliance, after the Progressive Party lost heavily in the elections. In the 2009 elections, the party dropped from 25–26 to 16 seats in the Althing, becoming Iceland's second-largest party following the Social Democratic Alliance (which gained two seats, to 20.)
The Independence Party re-entered government after the general elections in 2013, gaining 19 seats in parliament and the most votes again becoming Iceland's largest party. The Independence Party hence formed a majority government with the Progressive Party with Bjarni becoming Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs under the premiership of Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson chairman of the Progressive Party. The government coalition was ended after the Panama Papers revealed that Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, Bjarni Benediktsson and other known members of the Independence Party held funds in offshore bank accounts. The general election in 2016 yielded a government consisting of the Independence Party, Bright Future and Viðreisn. With the Independence Party holding 21 seats in Parliament. That government then proceeded to fall apart due to Bjarni Benediktsson's father's ties to a convicted child sex offender that had his criminal records cleared by the Minister of the interior, an Independence Party MP. After the general elections 2017, called after much backlash from this decision, the Independence party formed a new government with the Left-Green Movement and the Progressive Party. The Independence Party had 17 seats in Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After the 2021 parliamentary election, the new government was, just like the previous government, a tri-party coalition of the Independence Party, the Progressive Party and the Left-Green Movement, headed by Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir of Left-Green Movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2024, Bjarni Benediktsson replaced Katrín Jakobsdóttir as prime minister.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shortly thereafter, the Left-Green Movement pulled out of the government, and new elections were held in November of 2024. The Independence Party received its worst result ever, returning just 14 representatives to the Althing on just 19% of the vote, both the lowest totals in party history. Due to the fractured opposition, however, the Independence Party still finished second in terms of total votes and total seats.
Ideology and platform
Template:Conservatism in Iceland The Independence Party has been described as conservative,<ref name="bale">Template:Cite book</ref> liberal-conservative,<ref name="Arnason2006">Template:Cite book</ref> and conservative-liberal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The party has been the sole major politically right-leaning party in Iceland since its inception, and has captured a broad cross-section of centre-right voters. As a result, the party is not as far to the right as most right-wing parties in other Nordic countries, serving as a 'catch-all' party.<ref name="Hansen 81">Template:Cite book</ref> The party, like the British Conservatives, states a claim to be primarily 'pragmatic', as opposed to ideological,<ref name="Siaroff 265" /><ref name="Tomasson 42" /><ref name="Cross 68–9">Template:Cite book</ref> and its name is seen as an allusion to being independent of dogma (with the original meaning, promoting independence from Denmark, having been achieved long ago).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For most of its period of political dominance, the party has relied upon coalition government, and has made coalitions with many major parties in parliament.<ref name="Arter 50">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Independence Party has generally been economically liberal and advocated limited government intervention in the economy.<ref name="Siaroff 265" /> It was originally committed to laissez-faire economics, but shifted its economic policies leftwards in the 1930s, accepting the creation of a welfare state.<ref name="Tomasson 42">Tomasson (1980), p. 42</ref>
The party is liberal concerning social issues and has historically been less conservative than other centre-right parties in Scandinavia.<ref name="Tomasson 42" /> The party was the only consistent advocate for the end of prohibition of beer, and provided three-quarters of voters in favour of legalisation; the ban was lifted in 1989.<ref name="Gunnlaugsson 39">Template:Cite book</ref>
Organisation and support
Historically, the party has been the most successful liberal conservative party in the Nordic countries.<ref name="Hansen 81"/> It has a broad base of support, but is most strongly supported by Iceland's large fishing community and by businesses.<ref name="Siaroff 265">Template:Cite book</ref> The Independence Party support is mostly found in the South and Southwest.Template:Citation needed
The Independence Party has always attempted to avoid appealing to a specific social class.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As such, the party is relatively successful at attracting working-class voters,<ref name="Arter 50"/> which partly comes from the party's strong advocacy of independence in the 1930s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, most of its strength is in the middle class,<ref name="Gunnlaugsson 39"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the party is disproportionately supported by those on high incomes and those with university educations.<ref name="Siaroff 265"/>
The party has long been endorsed by Morgunblaðið,<ref name="Gunnlaugsson 39"/> an Icelandic newspaper of record.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Davíð Oddsson, Iceland's longest-serving Prime Minister and former leader of the Independence Party, is one of two editors of the paper. The party was also historically supported by the afternoon newspaper Vísir, now part of DV.<ref name="Tomasson 42"/>
The party has a tradition of individualism and strong personalities, which has proven difficult for the leadership to manage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Commonwealth Party split in 1941, while the Republican Party left in 1953, both in opposition to the leftwards shift of the party away from classical liberalism.<ref name="Tomasson 42"/> Neither splinter group managed to get seats in Althingi and both vanished quickly. The Citizens' Party split from the party in 1983, but collapsed in 1994.<ref name="Cross 68–9" />
Its youth wing, Young Independents, is by far the largest youth organisation in Iceland, with over 12,000 members. It is slightly more classically liberal than the senior party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The party has a very large membership base, with 15% of the total population being a member of the party.<ref name="Grapavine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
International relations
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For years, the Independence party has been a member of the International Democracy Union; the Union includes members such as the Conservative Party (Norway), Moderate Party (Sweden), The Republicans (France), the National Coalition Party (Finland), and the Christian Democratic Union (Germany). In 2011, the party joined the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, a centre-right Eurosceptic political organisation, but withdrew in 2021. In September 2023, it joined the pro-EU European People's Party as an associate member.
Election results
Leadership
| Nº | Chairman | Took office | Left office | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:JThorl1927 (3x4 cropped).jpg | Jón Þorláksson (1877–1935) |
29 May 1929 | 2 October 1934 | 5 years, 4 months, 3 days (1,952 days) |
| 2 | File:Olafur Thors.jpg | Ólafur Thors (1892–1964) |
2 October 1934 | 22 October 1961 | 27 years, 20 days (9,882 days) |
| 3 | File:Bjarni Benediktsson 1964 cropped.jpg | Bjarni Benediktsson (1908–1970) |
22 October 1961 | 10 July 1970 | 8 years, 8 months, 18 days (3,183 days) |
| 4 | File:Jóhann Hafstein.jpg | Jóhann Hafstein (1915–1980) |
10 July 1970 | 12 October 1973 | 3 years, 3 months, 2 days (1,190 days) |
| 5 | File:Blank.png | Geir Hallgrímsson (1925–1990) |
12 October 1973 | 6 November 1983 | 10 years, 25 days (3,677 days) |
| 6 | File:Þorsteinn Pálsson (cropped).jpeg | Þorsteinn Pálsson (born 1947) |
6 November 1983 | 10 March 1991 | 7 years, 4 months, 4 days (2,681 days) |
| 7 | File:Bilden ar tagen vid Nordiska radets session i Oslo, 2003.jpg | Davíð Oddsson (born 1948) |
10 March 1991 | 16 October 2005 | 14 years, 7 months, 6 days (5,334 days) |
| 8 | File:Islands stasminister Geir H. Haarde under presskonferens vid globaliseringsmotet i Riksgransen 2008-04-09.jpg | Geir Haarde (born 1951) |
16 October 2005 | 29 March 2009 | 3 years, 5 months, 13 days (1,260 days) |
| 9 | File:Bjarni Benediktsson 2021.jpg | Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970) |
29 March 2009 | 2 March 2025 | 15 years, 338 days (5817 days) |
| 10 | File:Guðrún Hafsteinsdóttir 2025.jpg | Guðrún Hafsteinsdóttir (born 1970) |
2 March 2025 | Present | Template:Age in years and days |
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Footnotes
References
External links
- Official website
- The National Youth Organisation of the Independence Party, named Samband ungra sjálfstæðismanna or SUS in Icelandic, is one of the oldest political youth movements in Iceland.
- About the Independence Party
Template:Parties of Iceland Template:International Democracy Union Template:Authority control