Indigenous people of New Guinea

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The Indigenous peoples of Western New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans,<ref>From the Malay word pəpuah 'curly hair'. Template:OED</ref> are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called SahulTemplate:Spacesand, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples.

Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from the many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch, and Papuan Malay.<ref>Template:Britannica</ref><ref name="Friedlaender">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Jinam2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, "Papuan languages" is a cover term for the diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia, the Torres Strait Islands, and parts of Wallacea. In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas.<ref name="Friedlaender"/> [[File:Children-in-Papua-New-Guinea.jpg|thumb|Children dressed up for [[Sing-sing (New Guinea)|singTemplate:Nbhsing]] in Papua New Guinea.]]

Languages

File:TNG map.svg
The language families in Ross's conception of the Trans-New Guinea language family.

EthnologueTemplate:'s 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea, a total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. If we adopt the figure proposed by Glottolog for Papua New Guinea, namely 928 languages,<ref>Languages of Papua New Guinea, on Glottolog.</ref> the total is even higher. This corresponds to Template:Percent of the world's 7700 languages.

In terms of linguistic families, the indigenous languages of New Guinea can be divided into two groups: 283 languages belong to the Austronesian family, and the other 858 are non-Austronesian<ref>Numbers calculated by subtracting the number of Solomon Islands languages from the totals on p.278 of: Template:Cite book</ref>—a grouping commonly described as "Papuan languages" for convenience.

The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one. So-called "Papuan" languages are distributed into as many as eighty unrelated linguistic phyla, including 43 families and 37 isolates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Papuan ethnic groups

The following indigenous peoples live within the modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in italics.

Indonesia

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West Papua

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|westpapuangroup}}

File:Tarian adat suku Arfak Magasa.jpg
Magasa dance of the Arfak people

Southwest Papua

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|southwestpapuangroup}}

File:Papoea 's aan het Amaroe-meer in de Vogelkop, KITLV 98500.tiff
The Maybrat people near Lake Ayamaru, 1930s.

Papua

File:Pakaian adat suku Biak.jpg
A Biak man wearing his traditional clothes.

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|papuangroup}}

Highland Papua

File:Perdamaian perang suku Nduga di Kenyam.webp
Nduga people gather in Kenyam for peace in ethnic conflict.

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|highlandpapuangroup}}

Central Papua

File:Portrait of a four men in Kwatisore, including a korano and a guide - Collectie stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen - TM-60010084.jpg
Four Yaur men, including one korano (village head) in Kwatisore.

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|centralpapuangroup}}

South Papua

File:KITLV A526 - Papoease mannen in de buurt van Merauke, KITLV 50397.tiff
Marind men in Merauke, Template:Circa

{{#section:Indonesian Papuans|southpapuangroup}}

Papua New Guinea

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Bismarck Archipelago

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Origin and genetics

Template:Multiple image The origin of Papuans is generally associated with the first settlement of Australasia by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during the Initial Upper Paleolithic, which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), and sharing deep ancestry with modern East Asian peoples and other Asia-Pacific groups.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Yang2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto63">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is estimated that people reached Sahul (the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Papuans are more closely related to Melanesians than to Aboriginal Australians.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto63"/>

Haplogroups

The majority of Papuan Y-DNA Haplogroups belong to subclades of [[Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)|HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesMS]], and [[Haplogroup C-B477|HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesC1b2a]]. The frequency of each haplogroup varies along geographic clines.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Autosomal DNA

The genetic makeup of Papuans is primarily derived from Ancient East Eurasians, which relates them to other mainland Asian groups such as the "AASI", Andamanese, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> next to additional archaic Denisovan admixture in the Sahul region. Papuans may harbor varying degrees of deep admixture from "a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya", although they are generally regarded "as a simple sister group of Tianyuan" ("Basal East Asians").<ref name="Yang2"/><ref name="auto63"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> They are also closely related to Andamanese Onge and East Asians and mainly differ due to their Denisovan admixture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Procrustes-transformed PCA plot of genetic variation of worldwide populations.png
PCA plot of genetic variation of worldwide populations. Papuans (green) cluster relative close to other East Eurasians, such as East/Southeast Asians.

There is evidence that the ancestors of Papuans and related groups "underwent a strong bottleneck before the settlement of the region, and separated around 20,000–40,000 years ago".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Papuans display pronounced genetic diversity, explained through isolation and drift between different subgroups after the settlement of New Guinea. The most notable differentiation was found to be between Highlanders and Lowlanders. Papuan Highlanders fall into three clusters, but form a single clade compared against Lowlanders. The Highlanders underwent a population bottleneck around 10,000 years ago, associated with the adoption of Neolithic lifestyles. Papuan Lowlanders display increased diversity and can be broadly differentiated into a Southern Lowlander cluster and a Northern Lowlander cluster. The genetic differentiation among Papuans is suggested to date back at least 20kya, while the sub-structure among Highlanders dates back around 10kya, with higher diversity among western Highlanders than Eastern ones. The genetic diversity is paralleled by linguistic and cultural diversity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Archaic introgression

Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Denisovan introgressions may have influenced the immune system of present-day Papuans and potentially favoured "variants to immune-related phenotypes" and "adaptation to the local environment".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ASPM gene

In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesD, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroupTemplate:SpacesD allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

Notable people

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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Template:Papuan ethnic groups Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia Template:Culture of Oceania Template:Authority control

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