Invincible (Michael Jackson album)

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Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox album Invincible is the tenth and final studio album by the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson, released on October 30, 2001, by Epic Records. The album features appearances from Carlos Santana, the Notorious B.I.G., Fats, and Slash. It incorporates R&B, pop, and soul, and similarly to Jackson's previous material, Invincible explores themes such as romance, isolation, and media criticism.

The creation of Invincible was expensive and laborious, featuring the work of ten record producers and over 100 musicians. Jackson started the multi-genre production in 1997 and did not finish until eight weeks before the album's release. With reported expenses of close to $30 million, it remains the most expensive album ever made. The lead single, "You Rock My World", was Jackson's final hit single during his career, as it reached number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2002 Grammy Awards.

Invincible debuted at number 1 on the US Billboard 200 chart and sold 363,000 copies in its first week. It also reached number 1 in thirteen other countries worldwide. Besides "You Rock My World", "Cry" was also released as a single, and "Speechless" and "Butterflies" were released as promotional singles. The album received average reviews and became Jackson's most critically derided album. Retrospective reviews of the album have been more positive, being praised for its musicality and production in particular.

In July 2002, following Sony's decision to abruptly end promotion for Invincible, Jackson openly condemned the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola. Jackson refused to tour to support the album, adding to the growing rift between him and Sony Music. Despite this, Invincible was certified double Platinum in the US and global sales for the album reached over 8 million. In 2009, the year of Jackson's death, Invincible was voted by online readers of Billboard as the best album of the 2000s.

Production

Prior to the release of Invincible, Jackson had not released any new material since the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997; his last studio album was HIStory (1995). Invincible was therefore viewed as Jackson's "career comeback".<ref name="ALG Invincible">Template:AllMusic</ref>

Jackson began recording new material in October 1997, and finished with "You Are My Life" being recorded only eight weeks before the album's release in October 2001 – the most extensive recording of Jackson's career.<ref name="mtvinfo1">Template:Cite web</ref> The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at the Hit Factory in Miami, Florida.<ref name="vibe">Template:Cite web</ref> Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song, and had said that he did not want a "known rapper".<ref name="mtvinfo1" /> Jackson's spokesperson suggested a New Jersey rapper named Fats; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song, the two agreed to record another song together for the album.<ref name="mtvinfo1" />

Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work, describing the new direction as "edgier".<ref name="mtvinfo1" /> Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible. Aside from Jackson, the album features productions by Jerkins, Teddy Riley, Andre Harris, Andraeo "Fanatic" Heard, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne and Robert Smith.<ref name="linernotes">Invincible liner notes Epic Records (2001).</ref> The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley, the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix. Invincible is Jackson's tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released during his lifetime.<ref name="mtvinfoii">Template:Cite web</ref> It reportedly cost $30 million to make the album,<ref name="promotioninfo">Template:Cite web</ref> making it the most expensive album ever made.<ref name="Branigan 20m">Template:Cite news</ref>

Invincible was dedicated to the fifteen-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy Benjamin "Benny" Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo, Norway, in January 2001.<ref name="dedication">Template:Cite web</ref> The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth, Omer Bhatti, Jackson's friend, was also a good friend of Hermansen.<ref name="dedication" /> The dedication in the album reads, "Michael Jackson gives 'special thanks': This album is dedicated to Benjamin 'Benny' Hermansen. May we continue to remember not to judge a man by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace."<ref name="dedication" /> The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and Jackson's parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson.<ref name="dedication" />

Music and lyrics

Invincible is an R&B,<ref name=NME>Template:Cite web</ref> pop<ref name="ALG Invincible"/> and soul<ref name="Blender2"/> record. The album's full length lasts over 77 minutes and contains 16 songs – fourteen of which were written (or co-written) by Jackson. It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads.<ref name="e.w.review">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Invincible opens with "Unbreakable"; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics, "With all that I've been through/I'm still around".<ref name="RS Invincible">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe, Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing "Speechless", saying:

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"Privacy", a reflection on Jackson's own personal experiences, is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies.<ref name="RS Invincible"/> "The Lost Children" is about imperiled children.<ref name="RS Invincible"/> Jackson sings in a third person in "Whatever Happens". The song's lyrics, described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a "jagged intensity", narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation.<ref name="RS Invincible"/> Invincible features four ballads: "You Are My Life", "Butterflies", "Don't Walk Away" and "Cry".<ref name="RS Invincible"/> "Cry", similar to Jackson's "Man in the Mirror", is about healing the world together.<ref name="ALG Invincible"/> The lyrics to "Butterflies" and "Break of Dawn" were viewed as "glaringly banal" and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone.<ref name="e.w.review"/> "Threatened" was viewed as being both a storyteller<ref name="RS Invincible"/> and a "Thriller redux".<ref name="e.w.review"/> The song "You Are My Life" is about Jackson's two children at the time, Prince and Paris.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The song features Jackson singing, "You are the sun, you make me shine, more like the stars."<ref name="e.w.review"/>

Singles

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The album spawned two official singles ("You Rock My World" and "Cry") and three promotional singles ("Speechless", "Butterflies" and "Unbreakable"), although all were given limited releases. "You Rock My World" was only released to radio airplay in the United States, consequently only peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Internationally, where it was released as a commercial single, it reached number one in France, number two in Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, number three in Italy, number four in Australia, and five in Sweden and Switzerland.<ref name="Y.R.M.W.Charts">Template:Cite web</ref> The second single, "Cry", was not released in the United States. It was only moderately successful, with the song's most successful territories being Spain, Denmark, France, and Belgium, charting at number six, sixteen, thirty and thirty-one.<ref name="crycharts">Template:Cite web</ref>

"Butterflies" was released in the United States only to radio airplay. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number two for five weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart.<ref name="billboard singles">Template:Cite web</ref> A three-track commercial single of the song was scheduled for release on January 15, 2002, but its release was canceled.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> A remix of the song by Track Masters was released promotionally which features singer Eve.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jackson had reportedly wanted "Unbreakable" to be the album's first single, but it was ultimately only issued promotionally.<ref>Invincible pack-on-stocker Epic Records (2001).</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The song peaked at number 62 on the Romanian Top 100 chart.<ref name="romania">Template:Cite web</ref> "Heaven Can Wait" charted at number 72 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Chart due to radio airplay without an official release; the song did not chart internationally.<ref name="billboard singles" />

Promotion

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It was reported that the album had a budget of twenty five million dollars set aside for promotion.<ref name="promotioninfo" /><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Despite this, however, due to the conflicts between Jackson and his record label, little was done to promote the album.<ref name="tara 611">Taraborrelli, p. 611</ref> Unlike with Jackson's post-Thriller studio albums, there was no world tour to promote the album; a tour was planned, but canceled due to conflicts between Jackson and Sony, and the September 11 attacks (the latter of which had also motivated many other artists to cancel their then-upcoming concerts in late 2001 and early 2002.)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There was, however, a special 30th Anniversary Celebration at Madison Square Garden in early September 2001 to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson performed "You Rock My World" and marked his first appearance onstage alongside his brothers since the Jacksons' Victory Tour in 1984.<ref name="guardian">Template:Cite news</ref> The show also featured performances by Britney Spears, Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync, 98 Degrees, and Slash, among other artists.<ref>George, p. 50–53</ref> The show aired on CBS in November 2001 as a two-hour television special and was watched by 45 million viewers according to Nielsen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The album's promotion was met with trouble due to internal conflicts with Sony Music Entertainment and Jackson, largely based on his ownership stake within the company and the contract Jackson had originally signed with the label back in 1991. The issue stemmed back during the production of Invincible when Jackson learned that the rights to the masters of his past releases, which were supposed to revert to him after 1999, would be retained by Sony until the end of the decade. When Jackson consulted the lawyer who had negotiated his contract, he learned that the same lawyer was also working for Sony, revealing a conflict of interest of which Jackson was never aware. Not wanting to sign away his ownership in Sony Music Entertainment, Jackson elected to instead leave the company shortly after the album's release.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After the announcement, Sony moved to cancel all promotional and marketing efforts for Invincible; this included stopping the release of a 9/11 charity single that Jackson had recorded.

In July 2002, Jackson publicly alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a "devil" and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain.<ref name="promotioninfo" /><ref name="tara 610–611">Taraborrelli, p. 610–611</ref> He accused Sony and the record industry of racism, deliberately not promoting or actively working against promotion of his album.<ref name="Falling star">Template:Cite news</ref> Sony disputed claims that they had failed to promote Invincible with sufficient energy, maintaining that Jackson refused to tour in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Critical reception

Template:Music ratings Invincible received mixed reviews from professional critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received a mixed score of 51 based on 19 reviews.<ref name="Metacritic">Invincible (2001): Reviews Template:Webarchive. Metacritic. Retrieved on August 7, 2010.</ref>

Mark Beaumont of NME called it "a relevant and rejuvenated comeback album made overlong",<ref name="NME Invincible">Template:Cite web</ref> while Blender also found it "long-winded".<ref name="Blender">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Reviewing for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said that despite being overlooked, Jackson's "skills seem undiminished [and...] he's doing new stuff with them—his funk is steelier and his ballads are airier, both to disquieting effect." He described the album's first three tracks as being the "Rodney Jerkins of the year".<ref name="VV" /> Nikki Tranter of PopMatters said that it is both innovative and meaningful because exceptional songs such as "The Lost Children" and "Whatever Happens" more than make up for overly sentimental songs like "Heaven Can Wait" and "You Are My Life".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Q magazine said that it is an aurally interesting, albeit inconsistent, album.<ref name="Qmag">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, felt that Invincible is Jackson's "first album since Off the Wall that offers virtually no new twists" and stated that the album "feels like an anthology of his less-than-greatest hits".<ref name="e.w.review" /> James Hunter of Rolling Stone critiqued that the album's later ballads made the record too long.<ref name="RS Invincible" /> Hunter also commented that Jackson and Riley made "Whatever Happens" "something really handsome and smart", allowing listeners "to concentrate on the track's momentous rhythms" such as "Santana's passionate interjections and Lubbock's wonderfully arranged symphonic sweeps".<ref name="RS Invincible" /> In a negative review for The New York Times, Jon Pareles suggested that the album is somewhat impersonal and humorless, as Jackson rehashes ideas from his past songs and is "so busy trying to dazzle listeners that he forgets to have any fun."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Invincible received one Grammy Award nomination at the 2002 ceremony. The album's song "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male, but lost to James Taylor's "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight".<ref name="Grammy 2002">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the album's release in October 2001, it was not eligible for any other nomination from the 2002 Grammy Awards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Retrospective reviews

Template:Album ratingsIn retrospective reviews, Invincible has gained more positive reviews and the track "Heartbreaker" has been cited as an early development of dubstep.<ref name="Nanke">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="OToole">Template:Cite book</ref> AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that it has a "spark" and "sound[s] better than anything Jackson has done since Dangerous."<ref name="ALG Invincible" /> Erlewine noted that while the album had good material it was "not enough to make Invincible the comeback Jackson needed – he really would have had to have an album that sounded free instead of constrained for that to work – but it does offer a reminder that he can really craft good pop."<ref name="ALG Invincible" /> Writing for PopDose, Mike Heyliger wrote "Invincible isn't the piece of shit most claim it to be. A leaner structure to the album and more sympathetic production would have resulted in a classic. But when measured against the radio junk that passes for pop-R&B these days, Invincible is stronger than ever."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2009, readers of Billboard voted Invincible the best album of the 2000s.<ref name="Album of the decade">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2025, Screen Rant called it "ahead of its time" and a feat of musicality and production.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jackson later admitted to have been very proud of Invincible: "It is tough because you’re competing against yourself. Invincible is just as good or better than Thriller, in my true, humble opinion. It has more to offer."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Producer Jerkins also give his thoughts about the album: "There's stuff we didn't put on the album that I wish was on the album. My first batch [of beats] is what I really wanted him to do. I was trying to really go vintage, old school Mike. And that's what a lot of my first stuff was, that I was presenting to him. He kept 'Rock My World'. But he wanted to go more futuristic. So I would find myself at like junkyards, and we'd be out hitting stuff, to create our sound. I think Invincible needs to be re-released. Because something happened at the record company [Sony] that caused them not to promote it no more after we Template:Sic put our heart and soul in it. He had about five singles on the album. But it came down to who can stop who [sic]. And he was caught up in that mess."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a retrospective review for The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Pareles said that Invincible showed Jackson had lost his suave quality to "grim calculation".<ref name="RSguide">Pareles, Jon. "Review: Invincible Template:Webarchive". Rolling Stone: 415. November 1, 2004.</ref>

Commercial performance

Invincible was Jackson's first studio album since HIStory six years earlier.<ref name="billboardchartinvincible">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 363,000 units, ousting rapper DMX's album, The Great Depression from the position.<ref name="billboardchartinvincible" /><ref name="billboardweek1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> It was Jackson's fifth Billboard 200 number-one,<ref name="billboardchartinvincible"/> and his fourth solo album to chart at number one in its first week; however, it sold less than HIStory in its opening week, which sold 391,000 units.<ref name="billboardchartinvincible"/> In its second week, after Britney Spears replaced Invincible with Britney as its number-one album,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the former slipped to number three, selling 202,000 copies with a 45% drop.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Invincible also charted at number one on the Billboard R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart for four weeks.<ref name="billboard2weeks">Template:Cite magazine</ref> After eight weeks of release, in December 2001, Invincible was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sales of five hundred thousand units.<ref name="riaacertificate">Template:Cite web</ref> In the same month, the album was certified platinum for the sale of one million units.<ref name="riaacertificate"/> On January 25, 2002, it was certified two times platinum for the sales of two million units.<ref name="riaacertificate" /> In the United States, it was the 45th best-selling album of 2001 selling over 1.56 million units.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As of 2009, Invincible had sold 2.4 million copies in the United States.<ref name="Inc.2009Iv">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Invincible left the Billboard 200 in June 2002 after charting there for 28 weeks.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Shortly after the release of the album, in a poll conducted by Billboard magazine, "an overwhelming majority" of people—79% of 5,195 voters—were not surprised by Invincible entering the Billboard 200 at number one.<ref name="Album poll">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Billboard also reported that 44% agreed with the statement, proclaiming that Jackson was "still the King of Pop". Another 35% said they were not surprised by the album's ranking, but doubted Invincible would hold on for a second week at the top of the chart.<ref name="Album poll" /> Only 12% of people who responded to the poll said they were surprised by the album's charting debut because of Jackson's career over the past six years and another 9% were taken aback by the album's success, in light of the negativity that preceded the album's release.<ref name="Album poll" />

Invincible reached number one in 14 countries worldwide,<ref name="billboardchartinvincible"/> including the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.<ref name="billboardchartinvincible"/><ref name="lescharts"/> It also charted within the top ten in several countries, including Austria, Japan, Italy, New Zealand, and Spain.<ref name="lescharts"/>

Invincible was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for the sales of over 300,000 units in the United Kingdom.<ref name="ukcharts1" /> The album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for the sales of 40,000 units in Switzerland. The IFPI also certified the album gold in Austria for the sales of 15,000 units. Australian Recording Industry Association certified Invincible two times platinum for the sales of 140,000 units in Australia. Invincible was the eleventh best-selling album of 2001 according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry with 5.4 million copies.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> According to different sources the album sold 8 million,<ref name="eightmww1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="eightmww2">Template:Cite web</ref> or 10 million copies worldwide.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="10mww1">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, his music experienced a surge in popularity.<ref name="sales2009july">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Invincible charted at number twelve on the Billboard Digital Albums Chart on July 11, 2009.<ref name="billboardchart091">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Having not charted on the chart prior to its peak position, the album was listed as the ninth biggest jump on that chart that week.<ref name="billboardchart091" /> It also charted within the top ten, peaking at number nine, on BillboardTemplate:'s Catalog Albums Chart on the issue date of July 18.<ref name="billboardcharts2004">Template:Cite magazine</ref> On the week of July 19, 2009, Invincible charted at number eighteen in Italy.<ref name="italy09" /> Invincible peaked at number sixty-four on the European Albums Chart on the charts issue date of July 25.<ref name="eurocharts09" /> The album also charted at number 29 in Mexico in July,<ref name="mexico2009" /> and 84 on the Swiss Albums Chart on July 19, 2009.<ref name="swiss2009" />

Track listing

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Notes

Personnel

Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes.<ref name="linernotes"/>

Musicians

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Production

Charts

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Weekly charts

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Weekly chart performance for Invincible
Chart (2001–2002) Peak
position
Australian Urban Albums (ARIA)<ref>Template:Cite journal Template:Cbignore</ref> 1
Canadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1
European Albums (Billboard)<ref name=":0"/> 1
Japanese Albums (Oricon)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 5
Malaysian Albums (RIM)<ref name=":0" /> 1
Spanish Albums (AFYVE)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 2
UK Albums (OCC)<ref name="ukcharts1">Template:Cite web</ref> 1
Chart (2009) Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 37
European Albums Chart<ref name="eurocharts09">Template:Cite magazine</ref> 64
Italian Albums Chart<ref name="italy09">Template:Cite web</ref> 18
Mexican Albums Chart<ref name="mexico2009">Template:Cite web</ref> 29
Swiss Albums Chart<ref name="swiss2009">Template:Cite web</ref> 84
US Catalogue Albums Chart<ref name="billboardcharts2004"/> 9
US Digital Albums Chart<ref name="billboardchart091"/> 12

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Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for Invincible
Chart (2001) Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 44
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 72
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 24
Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 73
Canadian R&B Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 17
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 37
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 37
European Albums (Music & Media)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 44
Finnish Albums (Suomen viralinen lista)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 23
French Albums (SNEP)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 14
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 81
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 45
Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 62
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 28
UK Albums (OCC)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 62
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 148
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 79
Worldwide Albums (IFPI)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 9
Chart (2002) Position
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 43
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 8
Chart (2009) Position
Belgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 50
Belgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 15

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Certifications and sales

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See also

References

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Bibliography

Template:Michael Jackson

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