Ion Gheorghe Maurer

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Ion Gheorghe Maurer ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:OldStyleDateNY 1902 – 8 February 2000)<ref>Profile of Ion Gheorghe Maurer</ref> was a Romanian communist politician and lawyer, and the 49th Prime Minister of Romania. He is the longest serving Prime Minister in the history of Romania (having served for 12 years and 343 days).

Maurer is considered one of the most effective political leaders of communist Romania; a pragmatist, during his tenure, a more nationalist form of Romanian communism was consolidated, the standard of living increased significantly, political repression was relaxed, and externally, Romania distanced itself from the USSR in favor of rapprochement with China and other third world states, but also with states of the Western world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life, family, and education

Listed in his birth certificate as Jean Georges Maurer,<ref name="lux">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="sibarit"/> he was born in Bucharest to an Alsatian father of German descent and a French mother with petit-bourgeois background.<ref name="bookref1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Partoș; Deletant indicates in passing that Maurer's father was an Alsatian French language teacher, and that his mother was Romanian (Communist Terror..., p.19); he also states that Maurer was of "German origin" (Ceausescu..., p.69)</ref> He completed studies in law at the University of Bucharest in 1923, after which he pursued graduate studies at the Sorbonne in Paris.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref> Upon returning to Romania, he became an attorney, practicing law in Sighișoara, then serving as public prosecutor and later judge. In 1932 he went to Bucharest as counsel for several large banks.<ref name="NYT"/>

The first wife was named Dana Gavrilovici, according to other sources, Lucreția. She was older than he and had two daughters with him as well as a son from her first marriage, Alexandru Niculescu, who became an officer. He remarried in 1949 to Elena (Lili) Stănescu, ex-wife of his friend N. D. Cocea and with whom he had a son, Jean Maurer, who lives in Munich. His wife died a year before his death, but fearing a heart attack his son kept this fact a secret, so Maurer died believing his wife was still alive and being treated in a hospital.

Political career

He became active politically, defending in court members of the illegal leftist and Anti-fascist movements.<ref>Betea; Deletant, Communist Terror..., p.19; Tismăneanu, p.298-299</ref> Occasionally, as in the 1936 Craiova Trial of Romanian Communist Party (PCR) activists, including Ana Pauker, Alexandru Drăghici, and Alexandru Moghioroș, he assisted Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu.<ref>Deletant, Communist Terror..., p.19; Tismăneanu, p.298-299</ref>

Before 1937, he was briefly active in the Radical Peasants' Party, formed by Grigore Iunian as a splinter group of the National Peasants' Party;<ref>Alexandrescu et al.</ref> however, he was by then already a member of the illegal Communist Party<ref>Deletant, Communist Terror..., p.19; Tismăneanu, p.99, 298</ref> and active in the Agitprop section.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.99</ref> He was then tasked by the Communists to infiltrate the mainstream political parties, running for a mandate in the Chamber of Deputies in 1937 from PNL-Brătianu, and in 1938 from PNȚ.<ref name="sibarit">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1942–1943, during World War II he was imprisoned for his political activity (notably, in the Târgu Jiu internment camp),<ref>Frunză, p.468; Tismăneanu, p.298</ref> and, as a member of a paramilitary grouping,<ref>Tismăneanu, p.298</ref> played a secondary part in the events of 23 August 1944 that led to the downfall of the Ion Antonescu regime.<ref>Frunză, p.129</ref> During this time, although present among the few active leaders of the Party around general secretary Ștefan Foriș,<ref>Tismăneanu, p.119</ref> he became a supporter of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's faction (dominated by imprisoned activists).<ref>Tismăneanu, p.37, 298, 323</ref> In 1944, he played a hand in Foriș's deposition, assisting Emil Bodnăraș and Gheorghiu-Dej.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.151</ref>

After the war, Maurer became a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party (the new name of the PCR after it had incorporated the Social Democratic Party) and took several ministerial positions in the new communist government of Romania — including that of undersecretary of the Communications and Public Works Ministry under Gheorghiu-Dej in the first Petru Groza government.<ref>Frunză, p.188, 217; Tismăneanu, p.112</ref> On 7 August 1945, he was awarded the Order of the Crown of Romania, Grand Officer class.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp In 1946–1947, he was a member of Romania's delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (headed by Gheorghe Tătărescu) and was briefly employed by Ana Pauker at the Foreign Ministry, before being dismissed for having an unsatisfactory level of political conviction.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.239, 298-299</ref> He was removed from the forefront for the following decade,<ref>Frunză, p.437; Tismăneanu, p.299</ref> working for the Institute of Juridical Research.<ref name="Tismăneanu, p.299">Tismăneanu, p.299</ref>

He supported Gheorghiu-Dej's nationalist policy, eventually becoming foreign minister of Romania in 1957 (replacing Grigore Preoteasa), holding office for six months, and serving in the delegations establishing closer contacts with the People's Republic of China during the Sino-Soviet split and a détente with France in 1959.<ref>Frunză, p.240, 439, 448, 452; Tismăneanu, p.215, 219, 299, 342</ref>

Regarded, according to the claims of dissident journalist Template:Ill,<ref>Frunză, p.462</ref> as Gheorghiu-Dej's chosen successor, Maurer was head of state (President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly of Romania) from 1958 to 1961. He took the seat previously occupied by Constantin Pîrvulescu on the Politburo,<ref>Tismăneanu, p.207</ref> and then replaced Chivu Stoica as Prime Minister of Romania in 1961.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.207, 299</ref> In the latter capacity, he was the recipient of a 1963 letter by the British philosopher and activist Bertrand Russell, who pleaded with the Romanian authorities to free from jail Belu Zilber (a victim of the conflict between the Party leadership and Pătrășcanu, Zilber had been a political prisoner for sixteen years by then).<ref>Griffin, p.572</ref> Maurer was also one of three acting Chairmen of the State Council of Romania (heads of state) between March 19 and March 24, 1965.

Alongside Emil Bodnăraș, Maurer was an important member of the Politburo in opposing the ambitions of Gheorghe Apostol and, together with Bodnăraș, helping along the establishment of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime.<ref>Frunză, p.463-464, 475-478; Tismăneanu, p.213, 221-222, 299, 323, 344</ref> Among others, Maurer helped silence potential opposition from inside the Party by withdrawing his support for Corneliu Mănescu and welcoming Ceaușescu's directives, before being himself criticized and sidelined (at the same time as his collaborator Alexandru Bârlădeanu).<ref>Deletant, Ceausescu..., p.69-70; Frunză, p.479-480, 483, 510-511; Tismăneanu, p.37, 299</ref> Pensioned in 1974, he was still present in the forefront at most Party ceremonies.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.239</ref>

A prominent member of the nomenklatura for much of his life, he was known for his latent conflict with a large part of the PCR hierarchy.<ref name="Tismăneanu, p.299"/> He accumulated a sizable wealth and was known for his ostentatious lifestyle.<ref name="Tismăneanu, p.299"/> In 1989, Maurer's earlier support for Ceaușescu led the sidelined PCR members who were planning to state their opposition to the regime by drafting the so-called Letter of the Six (Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Silviu Brucan, Constantin Pîrvulescu, and Grigore Răceanu) not to enlist his assistance in the process.<ref>Tismăneanu, p.299, 343</ref>

Last years

After the Romanian Revolution of December 1989, he continued living in his lavish villa in the Primăverii district of Bucharest.<ref name="lux"/> He died in early 2000, a few month after his wife, leaving a son, Jean. He was 97.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the Death of Former Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Kollias on 13 July 1998, he became the Eldest living former State leader both in Europe and in The World.

Notes

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References

Ion Alexandrescu, Ion Bulei, Ion Mamina, and Ioan Scurtu, Partidele politice din România, 1862–1994: Enciclopedie, Bucharest, Editura Mediaprint, 1995; fragment published in Dosarele Istoriei, 12/III 1998, p. 26-27
Template:Cite news
Dennis Deletant, Communist Terror in Romania, C. Hurst & Co., London, 1999; Ceaușescu and the Securitate, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, 1995
Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
Nicholas Griffin (ed.), The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell, Routledge, London, 2002
Gabriel Partoș, "Obituary: Ion Gheorghe Maurer" in The Independent, February 15, 2000Template:Dead link
Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism pentru eternitate, Polirom, Iași, 2005 Template:ISBN (translation of Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, Template:ISBN)

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Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Contents

Early life, family, and education

Political career

Last years

Notes

References

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Ion Gheorghe Maurer

Early life, family, and education

Political career

Last years

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