Irwin Conference Center

The Irwin Conference Center (also the Irwin Office Building and Conference Center; formerly known as the Irwin Union Bank Building) is a commercial building at 500 Washington Street, on the northwest corner with Fifth Street, in Columbus, Indiana, United States. Constructed as the Irwin Union Bank's downtown Columbus branch, the building was designed in a modern style. Eero Saarinen designed the one-story main building and the original three-story office wing in 1954, while his associates Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo designed a three-story office annex in 1973. Dan Kiley designed the surrounding landscape, which includes a lawn, trees, and a drive-through facility.

The main building, at Washington and Fifth streets, has a square floor plan with a glass facade and a concrete roof with nine shallow domes. The original office wing, north of the banking hall, is set back behind another building and has a brick and concrete facade and windows. A steel-and-glass arcade leads westward to the annex, which is made of similar materials. Inside, the first floor of the main building is an open plan space with tellers' counters, a conference area, and various pieces of furniture. A staircase descends to a basement that originally included a kitchen, dining area, vaults, and offices. The office wing and annex contains additional offices. The building has received critical acclaim for its design over the years, and it is designated as a National Historic Landmark because of its architectural significance.

The idea for the bank came from J. Irwin Miller, the president of the Irwin Union Trust Company (later the Irwin Union Bank) and a major architectural patron. He commissioned Saarinen to design a new building for the bank in 1950, and Irwin Union Trust acquired the site the next year. Although construction began in 1953, most work did not take place until the following year. The building opened on March 10, 1955. The design helped increase the Irwin Union Bank's patronage, and the bank decided to expand the building in 1970; the annex was completed in 1973. The bank acquired further properties nearby in the late 1980s and early 2000s. After the Irwin Union Bank went bankrupt in 2009, the building was acquired by the First Financial Bank, which sold it the next year to the conglomerate Cummins Inc. The bank building became a conference center and office building until it closed in 2020.

Site

The Irwin Union Bank Building (also the Irwin Office Building and Conference Center<ref name="Davis w204">Template:Cite web</ref>) is located at 500 Washington Street in Columbus, a city in Bartholomew County, Indiana, United States.<ref name="Wilson q701">Template:Cite book</ref> It is set back from the northwest corner of the intersection of Fifth and Washington streets,<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="The Columbus Herald 1953">Template:Cite web</ref> which, at the time of the bank's construction, was the town's busiest.<ref name="PA6 p. 61">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="The Indianapolis News 1953">Template:Cite web</ref> Adjoining the Irwin Union Bank Building are various commercial buildings, which rise two or three stories.<ref name="NPS p. 4">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="PA6 p. 61" /> The Irwin Union Bank Building's previous headquarters, a limestone building, was across the street.<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /> The Irwin Conference Center is one of several contemporary-styled buildings on Fifth Street in downtown Columbus, along with the Cummins Corporate Office Building, Cleo Rogers Memorial Library, and First Christian Church.<ref name="Gard u613">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Burayidi n025">Template:Cite web</ref> It is also close to other structures such as The Republic Newspaper Office and Columbus City Hall.<ref name="Kidder j311">Template:Cite web</ref>

Landscape

As built, the bank building only occupied one-third of the site. The rear or western portion houses a drive-through window and large parking lot with trees.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="A Look At Architecture">Template:Cite book</ref> When the bank building was erected, the Irwin Union Bank did not own the entire site, and part of what is now the parking lot was occupied by another structure.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="NPS p. 9">Template:Harvnb</ref> Dan Kiley was the bank building's landscape architect,<ref name="Hellenman a137">Template:Cite web</ref> selecting specific types of trees and foliage to provide shade and integrate the building into the streetscape. He used littleleaf linden trees as the basis of the space, with euonymus as ground cover and seasonal spring bulbs, begonias, geraniums, and chrysanthemums as accents.<ref name="A Look At Architecture" /><ref name="TCLF k396">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="The Republic 1969">Template:Cite web</ref> Kiley also added an underground sprinkler system to irrigate the plants.<ref name="The Republic 1969" /> These plantings created a park-like feeling, as the Irwin Union Bank Building is shorter than the structures around it.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="AF p. 160">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The main bank building is set back Template:Convert from the sidewalk.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> Trees are also placed around the bank building,<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="TCLF k396" /> which, according to the Architectural Forum, was intended to attract passersby.<ref name="AF p. 160" /> Originally, there were 27 sweet gum trees surrounding the main building, each measuring Template:Convert high.<ref name="Gordon k081">Template:Cite web</ref> The trees are placed near the sidewalk to help integrate the building into the streetscape, since the adjacent buildings are not recessed from the sidewalk.<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /><ref name="Merkel p. 153" /> The original trees were saplings; they were intended to obscure the neighboring buildings as they grew, thereby reinforcing the building's park-like feeling.<ref name="AF p. 160" /> West of the building, the trees are planted in three rows measuring Template:Convert apart;<ref name="TCLF k396" /> some of the original linden trees have been replaced with honey locusts.<ref name="NPS p. 6">Template:Harvnb</ref> There is also a lawn west of the original bank, surrounded by honey locusts.<ref name="TCLF k396" />

The original plans included a drive-through facility to the west, with a driveway and parking lot for customers who did not want to go inside.<ref name="The Republic 1953">Template:Cite web</ref> A driveway, dating from 1966, travels between the trees, splitting up into multiple lanes divided by brick and concrete median strips.<ref name="TCLF k396" /><ref name="NPS p. 6" /> The driveway is paved in concrete aggregate with brick-paved borders, and there are steel and aluminum bollards illuminating the driveway.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /> When the building was constructed, there were radiant heating coils embedded into the outdoor concrete slabs.<ref name="The Republic 1955">Template:Cite web</ref>

Architecture

The Irwin Office Building and Conference Center was designed in two phases.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> The original, one-story bank and a small three-story office wing were designed by Eero Saarinen in 1954.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="Merkel p. 153">Template:Harvnb</ref> The office wing conceals the irregular northern boundary of the lot,<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /> where the right-of-way of a railroad line cuts diagonally across the lot's northeast corner.<ref name="NPS p. 9" /><ref name="Prather 1972">Template:Cite web</ref> Although the railroad had stopped running by World War II, Saarinen's building occupies part of the line's right-of-way,<ref name="Prather 1972" /> and an adjacent alleyway follows the railroad's path.<ref name="NPS p. 9" /> To the west of the main building and office wing is a three-story office annex added in 1973 by Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo,<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="Hellenman a137" /> both of the firm Roche-Dinkeloo (a successor firm to Saarinen's practice). The Roche-Dinkeloo annex extends westward through the block.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> The writer Matt Shaw stated that the design combined the clean lines of Miesian buildings and the welcoming atmosphere of modernist buildings designed at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, where Saarinen had studied.<ref name="Shaw h061">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Irwin Union Bank Building is one of seven buildings in Columbus designated as National Historic Landmarks. The others are The Republic Newspaper Office, the Mabel McDowell Adult Education Center, the Miller House, the North Christian Church, the First Christian Church, and the First Baptist Church.<ref name="Spiselman n169">Template:Cite web</ref> Of these buildings, the Irwin Conference Center is one of three designed by Saarinen,<ref name="Spiselman n169" /><ref name="PA6 p. 57">Template:Harvnb</ref> the others being the Miller House and North Christian Church, all three of which were commissioned by the local businessman J. Irwin Miller.<ref name="Spiselman n169" /><ref name="Leslie b467">Template:Cite journal</ref> The bank building is also one of several modernist public buildings that Miller commissioned in the town,<ref name="Apple y679">Template:Cite web</ref> and, along with a 1952 cottage in Canada, one of four buildings that Saarinen designed for Miller.<ref name="Shaw h061" /><ref name="PA6 p. 59">Template:Harvnb</ref> The annex is also one of numerous Roche-Dinkeloo designs in Columbus, along with the city's post office, the city's visitor center, and Cummins Inc. facilities such as the Cummins Corporate Office Building.<ref name="Prather 1978">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Apple y6792">Template:Cite web</ref>

Exterior

Main building

The main bank building is one story high and has a square floor plan measuring Template:Convert across.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> All four elevations of the facade are divided vertically into 12 bays of glazed panels with steel frames.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="Ladwig 2012">Template:Cite web</ref> On each elevation, the lowest Template:Convert of the facade consists of Indiana limestone, while above it are Template:Convert windows that extend to the roof. Each bay has a horizontal steel mullion bar, dividing it into two panes; the lower pane measures Template:Convert high, while the upper pane spans the majority of the bay's height.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> The facade's steel framework is made of mullions measuring Template:Convert thick, which protrude from the glass panes. Each corner of the building consists of two protruding, perpendicular mullions, creating a hollow corner on the outside.<ref name="NPS pp. 4–5">Template:Harvnb</ref> The glass-walled design was intended to contrast both with traditional banks' facades<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="NPS p. 8" /><ref name="Robinson 1954" /> and with the office wing to the north.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> The trees around the building provided shade for the glass walls.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="AF p. 161">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The western elevation has drive-through tellers' windows;<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> there were originally two windows, each with bulletproof glass.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The building is accessed from a heated vestibule at the southern end of the eastern elevation, which leads to Washington Street.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The main building's northern elevation has a pair of glass-and-steel passageways leading to the southern side of the office wing, which leads west into an arcade in the 1973 annex.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> Sweet gum trees were originally planted in the courtyard between the two passageways.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The tellers' windows, entrance, and passageways have similar glazing to the rest of the facade, but are about Template:Convert high.<ref name="NPS p. 5">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The building has a concrete roof covered in standing seam metal. The roof's Template:Convert thick concrete slab is Template:Convert above ground level.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> At the perimeter of the roof, eaves extend Template:Convert beyond the facade;<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="AF p. 161" /> the eaves are angled downward, doubling as a coping.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /> Within the roof are nine small domes,<ref name="Davis w204" /><ref name="PA6 p. 61" /> each of which is a thin-shell concrete vault.<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="Merkel p. 153" /> The domes divide the interior into a 3×3 grid of square bays. The domes were intended to give a sculptural quality to the otherwise-flat roof, and they also served to reduce the dead load of the roof, making it lighter-weight.<ref name="NPS pp. 4–5" /> In addition, the domes allowed rainwater to flow off the roof.<ref name="Long 1955">Template:Cite web</ref>

Office wing and annex

File:Irwin Union Bank, 500 Washington Street, 1977 (Columbus, Ind.) - DPLA - d1222fb23892ac0d205aae2d3d493302.jpg

Irwin Union Bank in 1977, as seen from the annex

The original office wing is set back behind another building on Washington Street.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS p. 9" /> The office wing largely measures Template:Convert west–east and Template:Convert north–south; due to the presence of the alleyway at the northeastern corner, the eastern elevation narrows to Template:Convert.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> Visually, it is treated as a separate structure, since it has no materials or shapes in common with the main building.<ref name="NPS pp. 4–5" /> The office wing's south elevation has a glazed-brick facade with several openings, while the northern elevation is made of concrete block with steel-framed windows embedded into it.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The other two elevations are attached to other buildings: The northeastern and eastern elevations are party walls shared with the Washington Street building, and the western elevation is shared with Roche's later annex.<ref name="NPS pp. 5–6">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Roche's annex is connected to the original wing via an arcade,<ref name="Dal Co 1985" /><ref name="NPS p. 6" /> which has brown-brick floor pavers.<ref name="The Republic 1971a">Template:Cite web</ref> The annex is three stories high and uses similar materials to the original office wing.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /> The western and eastern elevations have masonry walls.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /> On the northern elevation is a Template:Convert, steel-and-glass frame that includes air-conditioning ducts.<ref name="Dal Co 1985">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="NPS p. 6" /> The steel-and-glass frame encloses a patio running the building's length.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /><ref name="The Republic 1971a" /> A similar frame encloses the arcade on the southern elevation, although this frame has alternating bands of reflective and clear glass strips;<ref name="NPS p. 6" /> the upper part of the arcade's frame slopes down at an angle.<ref name="Prather 1978" /> On both the northern and southern elevations, the steel strips function as mullions.<ref name="NPS p. 6" /> Dan Kiley oversaw the landscape design for the arcade, adding tropical plants such as bougainvillea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Interior

The one-story main bank building has a banking hall for public functions,<ref name="MSA-1953-07" /> which is mostly an uninterrupted, open-plan space.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> Private offices were largely relegated to the office wing and annex.<ref name="MSA-1953-07">Template:Cite magazine</ref> A basement extends underneath both the banking hall and the original office wing.<ref name="The Republic 1953" /> The banking hall has a forced-air heating system, while the rest of the original building is heated and cooled by boilers and three chillers.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> A set of pneumatic tubes connected the bookkeepers' offices and tellers' counters.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="Long 1955" /><ref name="AF p. 163">Template:Harvnb</ref> The building also had telephone dictation machines, a first in Indiana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An elevator and spiral stair led between the tellers' counters and basement.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="AF p. 163" />

Banking hall

From the outset, Saarinen's design for the banking hall was intended to make it seem welcoming and friendly.<ref name="NPS p. 8" /><ref name="PA6 pp. 61–62">Template:Harvnb</ref> The floors are made of buff-brick pavers in a basket-weave pattern,<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /><ref name="Wainwright h955" /> which are covered with carpets in some places.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The banking floor itself was placed at ground level to increase accessibility.<ref name="NPS p. 8">Template:Harvnb</ref> The windows have full-height bamboo drapes.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /><ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The ceiling measures Template:Convert high, interspersed with the nine domes.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="AF p. 161" /> The ceiling domes each measure Template:Convert across<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and are clad with acoustic material, in contrast to the rest of the ceiling, which is covered in plaster.<ref name="AF p. 161" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The domes act similarly to lamp shades,<ref name="Davis w204" /> with uplights mounted into the middle of each dome.<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> There are a total of 364 recessed lamps in the ceiling.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> Circular steel columns, measuring Template:Convert thick, denote the corners of each bay.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The design was intended to make the banking hall inviting even to factory walkers with dirty overalls or farmers with muddy boots.<ref name="Wainwright h955">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AF p. 162">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The banking hall was originally decorated in shades of blue-gray, yellow, and brown, interspersed with cane and walnut paneling. There were also red planters.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> To avoid having traditional tellers' windows with unwelcoming "Closed" signs, the banking hall originally had tellers' counters with movable plastic hoods.<ref name="NPS p. 8" /><ref name="PA6 p. 62">Template:Harvnb</ref> There were initially 14 hoods, each of which measured Template:Convert high and could be removed whenever a teller was on duty.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> For the most part, the interior of the banking hall was originally furnished with furniture manufactured by Herman Miller<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="Long 1955" /> and Knoll, Inc..<ref name="Long 1955" /><ref name="PA6 p. 62" /> The desks and planters were designed by George Nelson, while Saarinen designed other objects such as the tellers' counters and upholstered fiberglass-and-steel chairs.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="p2528884241">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the 2000s, the building largely retained its original furnishings, which had been modified slightly.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The building's original artworks included Alexander Girard's collection of Eastern European textiles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Irwin Union Bank and Trust Floor Plan.jpg

Floor plan

As built, a display area was placed at the southeast corner of the banking hall, adjoining the main entrance.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The bank's more private divisions, such as the special service and loan departments, were placed in the rear, behind the tellers' partitions in the front.<ref name="AF p. 162" /> The center bay of the banking hall's northern elevation contains an Template:Convert conference area, with a walnut partition facing south toward the stairs, greenish-gray cabinets and cupboards on the other walls, and a wire glass ceiling.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> This area is divided into three walnut-paneled workspaces or conference rooms.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> These offices were placed in the main building because J. Irwin Miller wanted the bank's executives to interact with the customers.<ref name="PA6 p. 61" />

Other spaces

In the middle of the banking hall, south of the conference area, is a stair descending to the basement,<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> where the bank's non-public departments were housed.<ref name="AF p. 162" /> The stair has walnut railings, stainless-steel balusters, and oak treads suspended from the ceiling, and there are no risers between treads. The design of the staircase is similar to those in some buildings that Saarinen also designed at the General Motors Technical Center in Michigan.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The bottom landing of the staircase has a lobby that led to the employee dining room (which had dining tables and lockers), and an employee lounge. Also in the basement were a kitchen, directors' office, and bookkeeping rooms. The basement had a steel-and-concrete vault, as well as a concrete room for nighttime deposits, which had a conveyor belt leading to the street.<ref name="The Republic 1955" />

The original office wing has concrete floors and a concrete frame.<ref name="NPS pp. 5–6" /> The office wing's basement had mechanical equipment and storage space. The ground floor had Irwin Union Trust's trust-and-investment department, the second floor had a bookkeeping department, and the top story was originally used for storage. These floors are connected by an elevator,<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> as well as a staircase at the eastern end.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /><ref name="NPS pp. 5–6" /> Within the annex, each story is carried on exposed trusses that run across the building from north to south. The center of the annex has open plan offices, while there are service and mechanical areas at either end. These service areas contain conference rooms, as well as stairs, closets, and restrooms.<ref name="NPS pp. 5–6" /> The annex has Template:Convert of space underground and Template:Convert above ground.<ref name="Thomas m979">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The building was commissioned for the Irwin Union Trust Company, formed in 1928 when Irwin's Bank acquired the Union Trust Company.<ref name="The Republic 1971">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Burton 1986">Template:Cite news</ref> Irwin's Bank, in turn, had been founded in 1871 as a safe deposit box at Joseph I. Irwin's dry-goods store.<ref name="Long 1955" /><ref name="Burton 1986" /> The store, originally located at the corner of Third and Washington streets in downtown Columbus,<ref name="Long 1955" /> relocated two blocks away to the northeast corner of Fifth and Washington streets in 1881.<ref name="The Republic 1971" /> The banking division, which originally occupied one corner of the Fifth Street location,<ref name="Long 1955" /> had expanded to cover the whole store by 1907.<ref name="The Republic 1971" /> The bank remained at that location in 1947, when J. Irwin Miller became president of the Irwin Union Trust Company after the death of his father, the bank's previous president.<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /> At the time, Miller was an influential businessman who led the Cummins engine company and owned several buildings in Columbus.<ref name="Merkel p. 151">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Pace y570">Template:Cite web</ref> By the early 1950s, Irwin Union Trust's existing building was overcrowded; deposits at the Irwin Union Trust had grown 900 percent over the past two decades, and a proposal to expand the building had been deemed infeasible.<ref name="The Republic 1951">Template:Cite web; Template:Cite web</ref>

Development

Miller contacted the modernist architect Eero Saarinen about the possibility of designing a new building for the bank in 1949,<ref name="PennPraxis">Template:Cite report</ref> hiring him the next year.<ref name="PA6 p. 61" /><ref name="Merkel p. 153" /> The two men had known each other since 1939, when Saarinen's father Eliel had been hired to design the First Christian Church in the same city.<ref name="PA6 p. 58">Template:Harvnb</ref> Eero Saarinen was Miller's favorite architect, and Saarinen likewise regarded Miller as "the perfect client", ultimately designing four buildings for him.<ref name="PA6 p. 57" />

Planning

File:Irwin Union interior.JPG

Interior of the banking hall, showing one of the domes

Saarinen's involvement in the new bank building's design was publicized at the bank's annual stockholders' meeting in January 1951. The same month, the Irwin Union Trust Company obtained the Griffith Building at the northwest corner of Fifth and Washington streets, which at the time housed several businesses. The bank also acquired the Columbus Milling Company's mill just west of the Griffith Building,<ref name="The Republic 1951" /> which included a grain elevator.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The bank had chosen this site after carefully examining numerous other sites in Columbus.<ref name="Robinson 1954">Template:Cite web</ref> In exchange, the Griffith Building's owners, Mr. and Mrs. Ray Marr, obtained Irwin Union Trust's existing structure and continued to lease it to the bank. Irwin Union Trust then announced that it would demolish the mill while leaving the Griffith Building intact.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite web</ref> Work on the mill's demolition commenced that March, with scrap metal from the mill being sold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Miller went to Saarinen's office in Michigan to discuss plans for the new bank.<ref name="Long 1955" /> Saarinen, who knew nothing about the banking industry, took on the commission "to learn the banking business".<ref name="Shaw h061" /> In developing the new building, Miller and other officials primarily sought to improve the bank's image by making the building feel welcoming.<ref name="The Indianapolis News 1953" /><ref name="Robinson 1954" /> As the Courier Journal put it, "the money in the vault is only incidental" and could have been stored in any secure location.<ref name="Robinson 1954" /> To distinguish the new bank building, Saarinen wanted the design to be perceived as welcoming, not formidable.<ref name="NPS p. 8" /><ref name="Merkel p. 154">Template:Harvnb</ref> His design did not use the architectural elements of older banks, such as masonry facades, or tellers' windows with iron bars.<ref name="NPS p. 8" /><ref name="Robinson 1954" /> The architect assigned each department a specific part of the building based on how busy it was,<ref name="Long 1955" /> allocating only as much space as needed.<ref name="Robinson 1954" />

The final plan called for a one-story building at the corner of Fifth and Washington streets, and an office wing north of it.<ref name="The Columbus Herald 1953" /><ref name="The Indianapolis News 1953" /> According to Miller, the building had a low form "so it won't look down on our nice old buildings", while the glass facade would allow people to "look in and watch us operate".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The glass facade symbolized the bank's progressive mission,<ref name="Merkel p. 153" /> which included being one of the first American banks to issue credit cards.<ref name="Beck 2002">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The building itself would be one of the United States' first banks to use glass walls and an open-plan layout.<ref name="Ladwig 2012" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Haukebo t406" /> Saarinen hired Dan Kiley as the bank's landscape designer; Kiley did not meet Miller until later, when the architect was hired to design the Miller House's gardens.<ref name="PennPraxis" /> As Saarinen later told his friend Astrid Sampe after spending a few days with her in Spain:

I fly from Dallas to Columbus, Indiana where before the war we built a church. Perhaps you remember it. The same family, only a younger generation, wants to build a bank. We now have what I think is a very good scheme. I don't think it would be just the way it is unless you and I had been to Cordoba and seen the mosque. It is a wonderful opportunity to do something really good and different because the client is simply out of this world. It is going to be a bank without any pompousness, absolutely no intention to impress. All it is a very low glass enclosed marketplace-like little building in the middle of the town.<ref name="Merkel p. 154" />

Construction

File:Irwin Union Bank & Trust Company, Columbus, Indiana, 1950-57. Aerial view - 00223v.jpg

Aerial view from the south

Irwin Union Trust officials announced in January 1953 that they would begin constructing a modern-style bank building in downtown Columbus by either April or June.<ref name="The Columbus Herald 1953" /><ref name="The Indianapolis News 1953" /> The Irwin Union Trust issued eviction notices to the Griffith Building's residents that April,<ref name="The Republic 1953" /> and work on demolishing the Griffith Building began the next month.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eight firms submitted bids for the general contract to construct the building, and construction contracts were awarded to four Indiana–based firms that July. J. L. Simmons Company was hired as the general contractor, the Taylor Lumber and Supply Company as mechanical engineer, the Long Electric Company as the electrical engineer, and the Service Elevator Company as the elevator contractor.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite web</ref> Although construction began in 1953, most work did not start until the following year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In April 1954, cement contractors went on strike while pouring the roof; at the time, much of the concrete work had been completed.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite web</ref> The vault door from the old bank was relocated to the new building that July.<ref name="Gordon q111">Template:Cite web</ref> Workers tried for several weeks to demolish the old building's vault, but this was extremely difficult because the vault was encased in Template:Convert of concrete.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The trees around the new building were being planted by December 1954, when bank officials announced that the bank would be renamed to the Irwin Union Bank and Trust Company.<ref name="Gordon k081" /> The bank made an agreement with the owner of a neighboring property to repaint a brick wall facing the bank building.<ref name="Robinson 1954" /><ref name="AF p. 161" /> The bank had wanted to move into the new structure by January 1955, but this was delayed due to issues with delivering some objects for the tellers' counters.<ref name="Gordon t846">Template:Cite web</ref> The simple design reduced the building's total cost to either $690,000<ref name="AF p. 162" /><ref name="Merkel p. 154" /> or $700,000 in total, or about Template:Convert.<ref name="Green 1954">Template:Cite web</ref>

Use as bank

Completion and early years

The bank moved all its departments between the old and new downtown branches on March 9, 1955, and the new building opened the next day, March 10.<ref name="The Republic 1955" /> The relocation did not disrupt the bank's operations, since it took place while the bank was closed to the public.<ref name="The Republic 1955a">Template:Cite web</ref> In contrast to the old branch, where different departments had maintained different operating hours, the new branch maintained one set of operating hours for all departments.<ref name="The Republic 1955a" /> The Irwin Union Bank and Trust Company hosted a three-day-long open house event two weeks after the official opening;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the open house attracted 5,000 visitors, including 2,555 just on March 25.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The new building also hosted a tour for 800 bankers that April.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The building also won an award from the American Association of Nurserymen's (AAN) 1955 Plant America competition for its landscape design.<ref name="Gordon g556">Template:Cite web</ref> Miller retained a small office in the old bank building at 301 Washington Street,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="McCawley g038">Template:Cite web</ref> working there for most of the rest of his life.<ref name="McCawley g038" /> Other parts of 301 Washington Street were leased to a drug store.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Observers made fun of the new bank building's roof, which they likened to a "brassiere factory".<ref name="AF p. 162" /><ref name="Merkel p. 154" /><ref name="Glaser e344">Template:Cite web</ref> Even so, the design of the new building helped increase the Irwin Union Bank's patronage,<ref name="Merkel p. 154" /> which grew nearly four times faster in the new building than at the old location.<ref name="AF p. 160" /> A. R. Engle, an executive at the bank, credited the new building's design with improving workers' productivity, since departments were arranged more efficiently than in the previous bank building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 1960s, visitors frequented the building for its architecture as well.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the growth of the bank's business, the computer and operations departments were relocated to another building on 6th Street in 1965.<ref name="Thomas m979" /> Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo, who had taken over Saarinen's practice,Template:Efn redesigned the bank's drive-through facility in 1966, replacing the tellers' windows with three standalone booths.<ref name="NPS p. 9" /> Kiley was rehired to design a lawn west of the banking hall (near Jackson Street),<ref name="NPS p. 9" /> while a parking lot was added northwest of the building.<ref name="The Republic 1971" /> Kiley added 107 linden trees to the lawn in 1968 and planted more than 7,500 flower bulbs around the building the next year.<ref name="The Republic 1969" />

1970s expansion

File:GREENHOUSES ARE PART OF THE NEW ADDITION TO THE IRWIN UNION BANK - NARA - 546517.jpg

Interior of the 1970s annex's arcade

The bank had outgrown its downtown office by 1970, despite having opened five branches in Bartholomew County over the preceding fifteen years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The bank's staff had grown from 78 to 230 during that time.<ref name="Thomas m979" /> Irwin Union Bank officials announced plans in December 1970 to expand the downtown branch by Template:Convert, more than doubling the building's size while providing adequate space for all of the bank's departments. This project included a three-story office annex and a glass arcade connecting both the office wing and its annex.<ref name="Thomas m979" /> Roche and Dinkeloo were hired to design the annex,<ref name="NPS p. 9" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Taylor Brothers Construction was hired as the general contractor. Before work began, the customer parking lot was relocated to the northwest corner of the site,<ref name="Thomas m979" /> and 25 trees on the site were relocated to Irwin Union's other branches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite a construction accident in June 1971, when some of the annex's beams collapsed during a heavy wind, work proceeded with few delays.<ref name="The Republic 1971a" /> During the annex's construction, the original building celebrated the Irwin Union Bank's centennial with an exhibit displaying coinage, a bust of Joseph I. Irwin, and images of the bank's branches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The annex's construction was one of several projects that were constructed as part of a revitalization of downtown Columbus.<ref name="Prather 1978" /> The annex was finished in 1973,<ref name="NPS p. 4" /><ref name="Hellenman a137" /> and the landscape around the expanded bank won an award from the AAN that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The annex originally contained the Irwin Union Bank's data-processing department in the basement, the bank's travel bureau on the first floor, a trust department on the second floor, and an accounting bureau on the third floor.<ref name="The Republic 1971a" /> An open house for the annex was hosted in October 1973, attracting 500 guests, including bankers from across the U.S.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mid-1970s to 2000s

In 1976, to celebrate the United States Bicentennial, a time capsule was displayed at the bank's downtown branch and then buried under a nearby sidewalk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The bank's travel bureau, which had offices in the downtown branch, was sold in 1980 to IVI Travel, which continued to occupy the building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The next year, the Inland Mortgage Corporation opened an office in the banking hall, occupying space vacated by the home loan department.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Prudential Bache Securities also opened an office at Irwin Union's downtown branch in 1984.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To improve the branch's efficiency, in 1989, the Irwin Union Bank relocated several of the downtown branch's departments from the office wings to the main banking hall. In addition, the insurance services department, which had been located at another branch, was relocated to the downtown office.<ref name="Vlahakis b210">Template:Cite web</ref> The bank also sought to consolidate the offices of its subsidiary Irwin Union Capital Corporation, which were split between the Irwin Union Bank's downtown branch and a building across the street, so it simultaneously renovated the adjacent Sparrell Block Building at 520 Washington Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Irwin Union Bank became the Irwin Financial Corporation in 1990,<ref name="Beck 2002" /> and the building's parking lot was renovated in the late 1990s.<ref name="Saunders i282">Template:Cite web</ref> The branch's original design remained largely unchanged in the early 21st century; Architecture: The AIA Journal wrote in 2002 that an ATM and computers were the only visible alterations to the banking hall.<ref name="A-2002-06">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Though Irwin Financial's headquarters remained in Columbus, it had expanded outside of Indiana, opening multiple branches across the U.S.<ref name="Beck 2002" /><ref name="Ladwig o578">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to a shortage of space at its downtown offices, Irwin Financial announced plans in 2000 to expand into an adjacent lot at 526 Washington Street,<ref name="Vollmer p205">Template:Cite web</ref> and it acquired another building at 435 Washington Street in 2003.<ref name="Ladwig d488">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Saarinen and Roche-Dinkeloo's structure at 500 Washington Street hosted a commercial bank branch and administrative and operational offices, while other departments were scattered across 520, 526, and 435 Washington Street.<ref name="Ladwig d488" />

Amid the Great Recession in the United States, Irwin Financial went into receivership in September 2009, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) took over as the receiver. First Financial Bank of Hamilton, Ohio, purchased all deposits and virtually all assets of Irwin Union Bank, including all of its branches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="JL t796">Template:Cite web</ref> First Financial, which had been considering constructing an office complex in Columbus, canceled these plans after the merger, instead planning to use 500 Washington Street.<ref name="Johannesen b205">Template:Cite web</ref> Instead, First Financial decided to construct another building several blocks away, at Third and Brown streets.<ref name="Showalter w394">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> First Financial sold the Irwin Union Bank Building in October 2010 to Cummins Inc. for $5.25 million.<ref name="Showalter w394" /><ref name="The Daily Journal o276">Template:Cite web</ref>

Use as conference center

File:Exterior of Irwin Union Bank and Trust - April 2008 - Holly Higgins.jpg

View from Jackson Street on the west

Cummins announced plans to renovate it into office and meeting space for 350 workers. First Financial would continue to occupy the building until its new facility was completed in 2012, with Cummins renovating the building afterward.<ref name="Showalter w394" /><ref name="The Daily Journal o276" /> A local firm, Dunlap Contractors, was hired to conduct the renovation.<ref name="Minnis y774">Template:Cite web</ref> By the end of 2012, Cummins was renovating the structure into the Irwin Office Building, which accommodated 525 employees. Cummins planned to convert the banking hall into an atrium, furnishing the building with mid-century furniture, while the rest of the building became open-plan offices.<ref name="Ladwig 2012" /> The initial renovation cost $7.1 million and did not involve a tax abatement. In 2013, Cummins requested and received a tax abatement for a $5.2 million renovation of Roche-Dinkeloo's 1970s annex, which involved upgrading building systems and improving the annex's accessibility.<ref name="Clark r338">Template:Cite web</ref> Following the restoration, Docomomo International gave the building's renovation a Citation of Merit in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As part of the inaugural edition of the Exhibit Columbus art program, in 2017, Oyler Wu Collaborative repurposed three of the Irwin Conference Center's drive-through teller windows for a site-specific art installation called The Exchange.<ref name="Sokol v309">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The artists won the J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Prize for this installation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which remained at the building for several years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The original banking structure was used as a conference center and work space until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana during early 2020.<ref name="East v482">Template:Cite web</ref> The building was completely vacant by October 2022,<ref name="East v482" /><ref name="Brown m942">Template:Cite web</ref> and a sign within the building announced that the conference center was closed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2024, Cummins announced that it would sell the Irwin Conference Center and its office annex, as well as the adjacent Cummins Sears office building.<ref name="East v482" /><ref name="Brown m942" /> By that September, Toyota Material Handling was negotiating to buy the Irwin Conference Center complex.<ref name="Davis w204" />

Impact

Reception

When the bank was constructed, the Courier Journal of Louisville, Kentucky, wrote that "about the only thing in the new Irwin Union Trust Company building that looks like a bank is the vault door".<ref name="Robinson 1954" /> The Architectural Forum wrote that the Irwin Union Bank Building was "a building that belongs to its time and to the people of Columbus", and that the bank and the First Christian Church represented the city's 20th-century culture much as the Columbus City Hall had represented the city's 19th-century culture.<ref name="AF p. 159">Template:Harvnb</ref> When the annex was built, a writer for the Cincinnati Post said that Roche's involvement in the annex's design "is both logical and appropriate since he continues [the Saarinen family's] concept of modern elegant design."<ref name="Webster u982">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1976, New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that the Irwin Union Trust Bank was a "gracious" structure, calling it one of several unique buildings in Columbus that stood "among the well-crafted Victorian storefront buildings that could be anywhere".<ref name="Goldberger n040">Template:Cite web</ref> That year, Paul Gapp of the Chicago Tribune called the bank Columbus's "greatest architectural success", enhanced in part by Kiley's landscaping.<ref name="Gapp 1976">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Green Bay Press-Gazette wrote in 1989 that the building "has aged with immense grace" despite its simple design.<ref name="Hellenman a137" /> Blair Kamin of the Chicago Tribune said that the bank building's style and scale was a suitable complement to the older structures nearby, despite its contemporary style,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Douglas Wissing of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the open plan had obviated the need for bulky tellers' windows.<ref name="Wissing t338">Template:Cite web</ref> The preservationist Jeff Baker regarded the ceiling domes as impractical, since they carried sound across the room, but said that this unusual design feature was precisely why the building merited historical protection.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When Miller died in 2004, The Washington Post wrote that the building he had commissioned for the Irwin Union Bank was "wonderfully transparent".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Architecture writers Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen and Donald Albrecht wrote in 2006 that the design "has a timeless quality thanks to the skillful blend of Miesian formality and warm Cranbrook touches".<ref name="PA6 p. 62" />

Cultured magazine wrote in 2017 that "the banking hall eschewed impenetrable temple designs for an almost unprecedented glass pavilion" and that the lack of barriers between tellers and customers was unusual for the era.<ref name="Sokol v309" /> In the 2020s, The Guardian said the building "was intended to feel more like a welcoming country store" than like traditional banks,<ref name="Wainwright h955" /> while Matt Shaw said it was "an important project in the history of bank design".<ref name="Shaw h061" /> Writing about Eero Saarinen's work, a writer for Technology and Culture magazine wrote that the Irwin Union Trust Building was "a perfect glass box as radical as his father's church [the First Christian Church] had been".<ref name="Leslie b467" /> A writer for the ABA Banking Journal said the building's "very visible contents" were part of the allure of the building.<ref name="p2528884241" />

Architectural influence

File:Former Irwin Trust Bank, Columbus, Indiana.jpg

The main bank building viewed from across Fifth Street

The Irwin Union Bank Building helped inspire the designs of several of the bank's other branches.<ref name="Stanton 1975">Template:Cite news</ref> The building's roof was emulated in a branch at State and Mapleton streets, completed in 1961 and designed by Harry Weese.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Baltimore Sun wrote in 1975 that all of Irwin Union Bank's branches in Bartholomew County were "innovative and elegant", having been inspired by the quality of the downtown branch's design.<ref name="Stanton 1975" /> Another branch of the bank, designed by Deborah Berke in 2000, was inspired by the downtown branch's lighting and decorations.<ref name="Hart i749">Template:Cite web</ref> The Irwin Union Bank Building also inspired the design of other bank buildings in the U.S. in general.<ref name="Wainwright h955" /> The building's design was likened to that of Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill's (SOM) Manufacturers Trust Company Building in New York, which was completed around the same time.<ref name="Shaw h061" /><ref name="p2528884241" /><ref name="Green 1954" /> The Manufacturers Trust building also had an open plan and a glass facade,<ref name="Shaw h061" /> but its highly-visible ground-level vault and hidden-away offices differed from the Irwin Union Bank Building's hidden-away vault and highly-visible ground-level offices.<ref name="p2528884241" />

Miller's satisfaction with the Irwin Union Bank Building's design prompted him to fund the design of other buildings in Columbus.<ref name="Gapp 1976" /><ref name="Klaric r970">Template:Cite web</ref> He initially offered to pay for the city's schools before offering to finance other public buildings as well,<ref name="Klaric r970" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and for several years, an average of two modernist structures were developed in Columbus annually.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Architectural Review of Britain described Saarinen's buildings for Miller as an "important legacy from Saarinen for the environment".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The high concentration of modern buildings in Columbus, including the Irwin Union Bank Building, helped make it one of the American Institute of Architects' top U.S. cities for innovation and design.<ref name="Wissing t338" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The building's design was also depicted in Columbus, a 2017 film set in the city.<ref name="McCarthy z359">Template:Cite web</ref>

In early 2000, the Irwin Union Bank Building and five other modernist structures in Columbus were nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as National Historic Landmarks (NHLs).<ref name="Mullen p652">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="McCawley a609">Template:Cite web</ref> The United States Department of the Interior designated four of these buildings, including the Irwin Union Bank Building, as landmarks that May.<ref name="Burnette x829">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Haukebo t406">Template:Cite web</ref> This was the first time in U.S. history that several buildings were simultaneously designated as NHLs before turning 50 years old,<ref name="The Daily Journal k465">Template:Cite web</ref> the minimum cutoff required of most buildings on the NRHP.<ref name="Mullen p652" /> The Irwin Union Bank Building was designated for being one of the first bank buildings in the U.S. with an open plan and glass facade;<ref name="Ladwig 2012" /><ref name="Haukebo t406" /> the designation allowed the building to qualify for federal preservation funds.<ref name="Burnette x829" /> The landmark nominations themselves received national media attention, in part because very few NRHP sites were designated as NHLs, let alone in such a small area.<ref name="McCawley a609" />

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Bartholomew County, Indiana
• List of works by Eero Saarinen

References

Sources

• Template:Cite magazine
• Template:Cite report
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Irwin Union Bank History