Template:Isfahan cityIsfahan or Esfahan (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}})Template:Efn is a city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district.<ref name="Isfahan Structure">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid Empire, Isfahan became the capital of Iran, for the second time in its history, under Abbas the Great. It is known for its Persian–Muslimarchitecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian proverb Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast (Template:Gloss).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan was the second Iranian city to experience the highest volume and number of Israeli airstrikes during the twelve-day war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The name Espahan is derived from Middle PersianTemplate:Lang, which is attested by various Middle Persian seals and inscriptions, including that of the ZoroastrianmagiKartir.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The region is denoted by the abbreviation GD (Southern Media) on Sasanian coins. In Ptolemy's Geographia, it appears as Template:Lang (Template:Lang) or Template:Lang (Template:Lang), which translates to "place of gathering for the army".<ref>Muhammad Hashim Asif, Rustam al-Hukama Rustam al-Tawarikh, éd. Muhammad Mushir, Intisharat-i Amir Kabir, Téhéran, 1352, p. 454.</ref> It is believed that Template:Lang is derived from Template:Lang "the armies", the Old Persian plural of Template:Lang, from which is derived Template:Lang (Template:Lang) 'army' and Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'soldier', literally 'of the army') in Central Persian. Some of the other ancient names include Gey, Jey (old form Zi),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Arabs captured Isfahan in 642 CE. They made it the capital of al-Jibal province. The city further grew under the Buyid dynasty, and under the Seljuk dynasty. With the fall of the Seljuks in 1200 CE, the city temporarily declined but regained its importance during the Safavid era (1501–1736) with the city's golden age under the rule of Abbas the Great who also moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. During his reign, Turkish, Armenian, and Persian craftsmen were forcefully resettled in the city to ensure its prosperity. Later, the city also had enclaves for people of Georgian, Circassian, and Daghistani descent. The city once again declined after the Siege of Isfahan by Afghan invaders in 1722.
In the 20th century, Isfahan was resettled by many people from southern Iran, especially during the population migrations at the start of the century and in the 1980s following the Iran–Iraq War.
Under Median rule, the commercial entrepôt began to show signs of more sedentary urbanism, growing into a regional centre that benefited from the fertile soil on the banks of the Zayandehrud River, in a region called Aspandana or Ispandana.
When Cyrus the Great unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire, the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. It was Cyrus who, having just taken Babylon, made an edict in 538 BCE declaring that Jews in Babylon could return to Jerusalem.<ref>see Ezra ch. 1</ref> Later, some of the Jewish immigrants settled in Isfahan instead of returning to their homeland. The 10th-century Persian historian Ibn al-Faqih wrote:
When the Jews emigrated from Jerusalem, fleeing from Nebuchadnezzar, they carried with them a sample of the water and soil of Jerusalem. They did not settle until they reached the city of Isfahan, whose soil and water was deemed to resemble that of Jerusalem. Thereupon they settled there, cultivated the soil, raised children and grandchildren, and today the name of this settlement is Yahudia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|
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The Parthians (247 BCE – 224 CE), continued the tradition of tolerance after the fall of the Achaemenids, fostering a Hellenistic dimension within Iranian culture and the political organization introduced by Alexander the Great's invading armies. Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered the provinces of the nation from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city.
File:Esfahan scheme middle ages fr.pngIsfahan at the end of the 6th century (top), consisting of two separate areas: Sassanid Jay and Jewish Yahudia. In the 11th century (bottom), these two areas were completely merged.
The next empire to rule, the Sassanids (224–651 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reforms and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. Both the city and region were then called by the name Aspahan or Spahan. The city was governed by a group called the Espoohrans, who descended from seven noble Iranian families. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the Sasanian kings were fond of ambitious urban-planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during this period, many Sassanid princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role increased. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, which would be ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. The words "Aspahan" and "Spahan" are derived from the Pahlavi or Middle Persian meaning 'the place of the army'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Although many theories have mentioned the origins of Isfahan, little is known of it before the rule of the Sasanian dynasty. The historical facts suggest that, in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Queen Shushandukht, the Jewish wife of emperor Yazdegerd I (reigned 399–420), who was also the mother of his successor Bahram V, settled a colony of Jewish immigrants in Yahudiyyeh (also spelled Yahudiya and Jouybareh), a settlement Template:Convert northwest of the Zoroastrian city of Gabae (its Achaemid and Parthian name; Gabai was its Sasanic name, which was shortened to Gay (Arabic 'Jay') that was located on the northern bank of the Zayanderud River (the colony's establishment was also attributed to Nebuchadrezzar, though that's less likely).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan and Gay were supposedly both circular in design, which was characteristic of Parthian and Sasanian cities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, this reported Sasanian circular city of Isfahan has not yet been uncovered.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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When the Arabs captured Isfahan in 642 CE, they made it the capital of al-Jibal ("the Mountains") province, an area that covered much of ancient Media. Isfahan grew prosperous under the Persian Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty, which rose to power and ruled much of Iran when the temporal authority of the Abbasid leaders waned in the 10th century. The city walls of Isfahan are thought to have been constructed during the tenth century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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After the fall of the Seljuqs (Template:Circa), Isfahan temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities, such as Tabriz and Qazvin.
During his visit in 1327, Ibn Battuta noted that "The city of Isfahan is one of the largest and fairest of cities, but it is now in ruins for the greater part."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1387, Isfahan surrendered to the warlord Timur. Initially treated with relative mercy, the city revolted against Timur's punitive taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. In retribution, Timur ordered the massacre of the city residents, his soldiers killing a reported 70,000 citizens. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers, each constructed of about 1,500 heads.<ref>Fisher, W.B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J.A. : The Cambridge History of Iran, p. 55.</ref>
Safavid era
Isfahan regained its importance during the Safavid period (1501–1736). The city's golden age began in 1598 when the Safavid ruler Abbas the Great (reigned 1588–1629) made it his capital and rebuilt it into one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the 17th-century world. In 1598, he moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central Isfahan. He introduced policies increasing Iranian involvement in the Silk Road trade.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Turkish, Armenian, and Persian craftsmen were forcefully resettled in the city to ensure its prosperity.<ref name="EOE41">Template:Cite book</ref> Their contributions to the economic vitality of the revitalized city supported the recovery of Safavid glory and prestige, after earlier losses to the Ottomans and Qizilbash tribes,<ref name="EOE41"/> ushering in a golden age for the city.
As part of Abbas's forced resettlement of peoples from within his empire, as many as 300,000 Armenians (primarily from Jugha) were resettled in Isfahan during Abbas' reign.<ref name="University of California Press">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mazda Publishers">Template:Cite book</ref>)<ref name="Mazda Publishers"/> In Isfahan, he ordered the establishment of a new quarter for these resettled Armenians from Old Julfa, and thus the Armenian Quarter of Isfahan was named New Julfa (today one of the largest Armenian quarters in the world).<ref name="University of California Press"/><ref name=" Mazda Publishers"/>
Shah Abbas would also oversee a transformation of the urban pattern of Isfahan. The plans included the new, rectangular Shah Square and the linear Chahar Bagh Boulevard. Between these two focal points of Isfahan's urban revitalization was a large garden, what is today the Hasht Behesht Gardens. The new, geometric, planned portions of Isfahan would stand out against the old city's complex street layouts, attracting foreign emissaries and wealthy residents along the Chahar Bagh.<ref>Gaube Heinse, Iranian Cities, New York, 1979, p. 83</ref> Shah Square would be adorned by 4 grand monuments on each side. Importantly to the north, a turquoise gate connected the new square to Isfahan's Grand Bazaar and old square, while to the south, the Shah Mosque would become the new primary place of worship for city residents.<ref>Hooshangi, Farideh. Isfahan, city of paradise; a study of Safavid urban pattern and a symbolic interpretation of the Chahar-Bagh gardens. Diss. Carleton University, 2000, p. 19-33.</ref>
In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of deportees and migrants from the Caucasus settled in the city. Following an agreement between Abbas the Great and his Georgian subject Teimuraz I of Kakheti ("Tahmuras Khan"), whereby the latter became Muslim and accepted Safavid rule in exchange for being allowed to rule as the region's wāli (governor), with his son serving as dāruḡa (prefect) of Isfahan.<ref name=" Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/> He was accompanied by a troop of soldiers,<ref name="Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/> some of whom were Georgian Orthodox Christians.<ref name=" Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/> The royal court in Isfahan had a great number of Georgian ḡolāms (military servants), as well as Georgian women.<ref name="Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/> Although they spoke both Persian and Turkic, their mother tongue was Georgian.<ref name="Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/> Now the city had enclaves of those of Georgian, Circassian, and Daghistani descent.<ref name="Isfahan-Safavid Period VII">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Engelbert Kaempfer, who dwelt in Safavid Iran in 1684–85, estimated their number at 20,000.<ref name="Isfahan-Safavid Period VII"/>Template:Sfn
During Abbas's reign, Isfahan became known in Europe, and European travellers, such as Jean Chardin, gave accounts of their visits to the city. The city was sacked by Afghan invaders in 1722, during a marked decline in Safavid influence. Thereafter, Isfahan experienced a decline in importance, culminating in moving the capital to Mashhad and Shiraz during the Afsharid and Zand periods, respectively, until it was finally moved to Tehran, in 1775, by Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty.
In the early years of the 19th century, efforts were made to preserve some of Isfahan's archeologically important buildings. The work was started by Mohammad Hossein Khan, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During World War II, Polish refugees, mostly children, were admitted in Isfahan (see also Iran–Poland relations).<ref name=jw>Template:Cite book</ref> There were 21 Polish childcare units, located in different parts of the city.<ref name=jw/> Some 2,600 Poles were housed there as of February 1943.<ref name=jw/> Over time, Polish children were evacuated further to Africa, India and New Zealand.<ref name=jw/>
The city has had four master development programs. The first one was created in 1971 by German engineering firm that included checkered streets' design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Today, Isfahan produces carpets, textiles, steel, handicrafts, and traditional foods, including sweets. Isfahan is noted for its production of the Isfahan rug, a type of Persian rug typically made of merino wool and silk.
There are nuclear experimental reactors as well as uranium conversion facilities (UCF) for producing nuclear fuel in the environs of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There is a major oil refinery and a large air force base outside the city. HESA, Iran's most advanced aircraft manufacturing plant, is located just outside the city.<ref>Template:Usurped (from the HESA official company website)</ref> Isfahan was also attracting international investment as of 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2023, 200 Azan playing loudspeakers were installed in the city by the government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Farmers in Esfahan have been protesting for their water rights due to ongoing water shortages and mismanagement issues. In 2018 they protested Iranian regime mismanagement and its anti-American ideology, chanting "Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America," and "Front toward homeland back to enemy in Friday prayers".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Geography
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The city is located on the plain of the Zayandeh Rud (Fertile River) and the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The nearest mountain is Mount Soffeh (Kuh-e Soffeh), just south of the city.
As of 2023 several public housing projects were being built.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Hydrography
An artificial network of canals, whose components are called madi, were built during the Safavid dynasty for channeling water from Zayandeh Roud river into different parts of the city. Designed by Sheikh Bahaï, an engineer of Shah Abbas, the network has 77 madis in the northern course, and 71 in the southern course of the Zayandeh Rud. Template:As of, 91% of the centuries-old network's water was being used for agriculture purposes, 4% for industrial purposes, and 5% for domestic purposes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 70 emergency wells were dug in 2018 to avoid water shortages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Towns and villages around Isfahan have emptied out due to drought and water diversion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Damask rose cultivar Rosa 'Ispahan' is named after the city. The mole cricket is one of the major pests of plants, especially grass roots.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Cows endemic to Isfahan became extinct in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Climate
Situated at Template:Convertabove sea level on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has a cold desert climate (KöppenBWk). No geological obstacles exist within Template:Convert north of the city, allowing cool winds to blow from this direction. Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains hot during the summer, with maxima typically around Template:Convert. However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate is quite pleasant. During the winter, days are cool while nights can be very cold. Snow falls an average of 6.7 days each winter.<ref name=weather-atlas>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Zayande River starts in the Zagros Mountains, flowing from the west through the heart of the city, then dissipates in the Gavkhouniwetland. Planting olive trees in the city is economically viable because such trees can survive water shortages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The highest recorded temperature was Template:Convert on 11 July 2001 and the lowest recorded temperature was Template:Convert on 16 January 1996.
Traditionally the cornerstone of Isfahan's economy, the textile industry employed 18,000–20,000 workers in some 25 cotton- and wool-weaving mills by the mid-1960s—roughly half of Iran's total textile output at the time, and far ahead of other provincial centres such as Yazd and Kerman.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Steel and metalworking
The original Āryāmehr (Esfahan) Steel Mill southwest of the city and the newer Mobarakeh Steel Complex together form the country's largest integrated metals hub, supplying billets, bars, sheets and structural profiles to downstream pipe, appliance, and machinery plants across the province and beyond.<ref name=":3" /> Their presence has anchored a supporting network of mining, transport and engineering firms and stimulated the growth of planned satellite towns.<ref name=":3" />
Agro-food and consumer goods
Modern vegetable-oil refineries, two large sugar-beet factories, and numerous plants producing flour, dairy products, meat, fruit juices and canned foods give Isfahan a national role in food processing.<ref name=":3" /> Small and medium-sized enterprises continue to package dried fruits for export, while soft-drink bottling, leather goods, and assorted consumer products round out a diversified industrial landscape.<ref name=":3" />
Chemicals and construction materials
The province's chemical base spans fertilisers, explosives, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Cement, tiles, bricks, building stone and concrete remain pillars of the construction-materials sector, serving both domestic mega-projects and export markets.<ref name=":3" />
Energy
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The nuclear facilities located in and near Isfahan include the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center (INTC), the Isfahan Uranium Conversion Facility (UCF), the Isfahan Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP), the Isfahan Fuel Element Cladding Plant, the Isfahan Nuclear Fuel Research and Production Center (NFRPC), and the Isfahan Nuclear Waste Storage Facility,<ref name=":212">Template:Cite book</ref> and in July 2022, Iran announced plans to build a new nuclear research reactor at the Isfahan site.<ref name="Farda">Template:Cite news</ref>
Suspected nuclear weapon development
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Isfahan is suspected of being the primary location for Iran's secret nuclear weapon development program.<ref name=":212" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In June 2025, the USAFattacked nuclear sites that, according to the United States and Israel, were used to develop nuclear weapons.
Military facilities
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According to some sources, the Polyacryl Iran Corporation, the Linear Alkyl Benzene Complex and the Chemical Industries Group (CIG) in Isfahan serve as installation sites for chemical weapons.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Reports from the NCRI asserted that nerve agents produced near Semnan were delivered to a missile plant in Isfahan for integration into ballistic-missile warheads, such as those of the Scud-B.<ref name=":4" />
The Chemical Industries Group, headquartered in the city, is widely described as the backbone of Iran's weapons industry. According to United States intelligence assessments, CIG also manufactures solid-fuel propellant powders for the country's ballistic-missile and artillery-rocket programmes.<ref name=":4" /> Within this conglomerate, a modern chemical complex erected by Sweden's Bofors company in the late 1970s as a dual-use fertiliser-and-explosives facility did not begin operations until 1987, due to Iraqi artillery and missile strikes during the Iran-Iraq war.<ref name=":4" />
From 2002 to 2013, Isfahan's internal highway network underwent an expansion. Freeways connect the city to Iran's other major cities, including Tehran, Template:Convert to the north, and Shiraz, Template:Convert to the south. Highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area.<ref name="Ali Assari">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2021, a new AVL system was deployed in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Another bridge is the Choobi (Joui) Bridge. Further upstream again is the Si-o-Seh Pol or bridge of 33 arches. It was built during the reign of Shah Abbas the Great by Sheikh Baha'i and connected Isfahan with the Armenian suburb of New Julfa. It is by far the longest bridge in Isfahan at Template:Convert. Another notable bridge is the Marnan Bridge.
Ride sharing
Snapp! and Tapsi<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The city has built 42 bicycle-sharing stations and Template:Convert of paved bicycle paths.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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As part of Iran's Islamic religious laws, women are forbidden to use the public bicycle-sharing network, as decreed by the representative of the Supreme Leader in Isfahan, Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai Nejad, and General Attorney Ali Esfahani.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Mass transit
The Isfahan and Suburbs Bus Company operates transit buses in the city. East-West BRT Bus Rapid Transit Line buses carry up to 120,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The municipality signed a memorandum with Khatam-al Anbiya to construct a tram network in the city.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2014, industry, mines, and commerce in Isfahan province accounted for 35% to 50% (almost $229 billion) of the Iranian Gross Domestic Product.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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According to Isfahan province's administrator for Department of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare, Iran had the cheapest labor workforce anywhere in the world. The labor force had grown from 1990 to 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Template:Ill, established in 1992, maintains a privatized power grid in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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As of September 2020, the handicrafts industry of Isfahan Province was contributing $500 million annually to the economy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan city produces 1,300 tons of salmon. More than 28% of the country's ornamental fish is supplied from Isfahan province, from 780 farms, which in 2017 farmed 65.5 million fish.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Opium was produced and exported from Isfahan from 1850 until it became illegal, and was an important source of income.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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From 2012 to 2013 there were large protests by farmers against the Isfahan-Yazd water tunnel. In 2019, eastern city farmers demanded water, otherwise they would sabotage water pipes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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High tech and heavy industries
The industrialization of Isfahan dates from the Pahlavi period, as in all of Iran, and was marked by the growth of the textile industry, which earned the city the nickname "Manchester of Persia".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Isfahan Scientific and Research Town started in 2001, to act as a mediator between government, industry, and academia in establishing a knowledge-based economy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Telecommunication Company of Iran and the Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran provide 4G, 3G, broadband, and VDSL.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2018–19 some 450,000 foreign nationals visited the city. Some 110 trillion rials (over $2 billion at the official rate of 42,000 rials in 2020) were invested in the province's tourism sector.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Nazhvan Park hosts a reptile zoo with 40 aquariums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There are the Saadi water park and the Nazhvan water park for children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Isfahan Healthcare city complex, built on a Template:Convert site near the Aqa Babaei Expressway, is intended to boost the city's medical tourism revenues.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There are nine cinemas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Religious people considered cinema to be mostly an impure place and going to the cinema to be haram under Islam. During the 1979 revolution, many cinemas in Isfahan were burned down. Cinema Iran, now a ruin, was one of the oldest cinemas in the city. Great foreign filmmakers such as Agnès Varda and Pier Paolo Pasolini shot scenes from their films in Isfahan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Sports
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Sepahan has won the most league football titles among Iranian clubs (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan handball team plays in the Islamic Republic of Iran Handball Federation. Sepahan has a youth women running team that became national champions in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2019, the mean age for first marriages was 25 years for females and 30 years for males.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There are almost 500,000 people living in slums, including in the northern part, and especially in the eastern sector of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Esfahani is one of the main dialects of Western Persian.<ref name="glottolog1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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During the Pahlavi era, a large group of the Kurdish Gulbaghi tribe were moved from the north of Kurdistan province to the city of Isfahan and the cities of Kashan and Naein. Today, the Gulbaghi tribe are mostly assimilated elements in the population of these cities.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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While immigrants may reside and work in this city, in 12 surrounding communities they are denied entry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Religion
There are many churches and synagogues in the city, with the churches being for the most part in New Julfa.
Churches are mostly located in the New Julfa region. The oldest is St. Jakob Church (1607). Some other historically important ones are St. Georg Church (17th century), St. Mary Church (1613), Bedkhem Church (1627), and Vank Cathedral (1664).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, and a transport system. It also has waste management.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2015, the comprehensive atlas of the Isfahan metropolis, an online statistical database in Farsi, was made available, to help in planning.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2020, the municipality directly employed 6,250 people with an additional 3,000 people in 16 subsidiary organizations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There have been four development programs since 1967,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The color theme for the city has been turquoise for some time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Municipal government
The mayor is Ghodratollah Noroozi.Template:Citation needed The chairman of the city council is Alireza Nasrisfahani. There is also a leadership council within the city council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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City waste is processed and recycled at the Isfahan Waste Complex.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Template:Ill is responsible for piping water, waterworks installation and repair, maintaining sewage equipment, supervising sewage collection, and treatment and disposal of sewage in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Twenty five fire departments provide service.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Twenty private security armed service contractors existed as of 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Human resources and public health
As of June 2020, 65% of the population of Isfahan province had social security insurance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan is known as the multiple sclerosis capital of the world, due to the presence of polluting industries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In 2015, almost 15% of the people suffered from depression, from being cut off from the Zayandeh River, due to severe drought.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Mass surveillance
In 2024–25, the Iranian government used the city as a testing ground for enforcing its mandatory hijab law employing cameras for surveillance and deploying government agents to report women who do not adhere to the government-approved hijab dress code.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The first elementary schools in the city were maktabkhanehs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}</ref> In World War II, Polish children sought refuge in the city; eight primary and technical trade schools were established. Between 1942 and 1945, approximately 2,000 children passed through, with Isfahan briefly gaining the nickname "City of Polish Children".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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In total, there are more than 7,329 schools in Isfahan province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Colleges
In 1947, the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was established; it now has almost 9,200 students and interns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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There were also in 2007 more than 50 technical and vocational training centres in the province, under the administration of the Isfahan Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), that provide free, non-formal, workforce-skills training programs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Major philosophers include Mir Damad, known for his concepts of time and nature, as well as for founding the School of Isfahan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Culture
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Ancient traditions included Tirgan, Sepandārmazgān festivals, and historically, men used to wear the Kolah namadi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Isfahan School of painting flourished during the Safavid era.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The annual Isfahan province theatre festival takes place in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The awarding of an Isfahan annual literature prize began in 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Since 2005, November 22 is Isfahan's National Day, commemorated with various events.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
New Art Paradise, built in District 6 in 2019, has the biggest open-air amphitheatre in the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Based on a statue creators' symposium in 2020, the city decided to add 11 permanent art pieces to the city's monuments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Gosh-e fil and Doogh are local snacks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Teahouses are supervised and allowed to offer Hookah until 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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On 12 and 13 January 2018, the Iranian singer Salar Aghili performed in the city without the female members of his band, due to interference by local officials at the Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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News media
During the Qajar era, Farhang, the first newspaper publication in the city, was printed for 13 years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Ancient baths include the Jarchi hammam and the bathhouse of Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī; a public bath called "Garmabeh-e-shaykh" in Isfahan, which for many years was running and providing hot water to the public without any visible heating system which would usually need tons of wood, was built by Baha' al-din al-'Amili.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Alam's house is a historical house in Isfahan. The owner of the house was one of the Qajar aristocrats. The house has a yard, which is surrounded from every side by residential parts.<ref name="Rāhnamā 2004, p. 135">'Template:Cite book</ref> The Amin's House as a historical house located in Isfahan belongs to the Qajar era. There are many decorations such as stucco, mirror decorations and marquetry doors in the house.<ref name="Rāhnamā 2004, p. 135"/>
There are other historical houses in Isfahan, including Malek Vineyard, Qazvinis' House, Sheykh ol-Eslam's House, Constitution House of Isfahan.
Palaces and caravanserais located in Isfahan includes Ali Qapu (Imperial Palace, early 17th century), Chehel Sotoun (Palace of Forty Columns, 1647), Hasht Behesht (Palace of Eight Paradises, 1669), Talar-e-Ashraf (Palace of Ashraf) (1650), Shah Caravanserai.
Chaharbagh Boulevard (1596), Chaharbagh-e-khajou Boulevard, Meydan Kohne (Old Square), Naqsh-e Jahan Square also known as Shah Square or Imam Square (1602), Amadegah,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan has other places to visit, including Atashgah – a Zoroastrianfire temple, New Julfa (1606), Pigeon Towers that are placed all around the city namely 22 towers inside Gavart, Hase<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Chinese have expressed readiness to be the first country that opens a consulate in a diplomatic zone in the central city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Isfahan allows Afghan nationals to reside in the city. In 2019, prior to a census, it was predicted there would be 250,000 undocumented Afghanis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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The Isfahan municipality created a citizen diplomacy service program to boost establishing connections with sister cities around the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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On 29 April 2025, an explosion occurred at a company warehouse of Ava Nar, a Persian gunpowder manufacturer, located in central Isfahan. In the explosion two people were killed and two others were injured. The cause of the explosion is yet to be known. This event took place only three days after the explosion at the Shahid Rajaee port.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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