Jämtland dialects

{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }} Template:Swedish language sidebarJämtland dialects (endonym jamska Template:IPA; Template:Langx) are a group of North Germanic dialects spoken in the Swedish province of Jämtland. In the eastern part of Jämtland the dialects are transitional to those of Ångermanland. The dialect group is commonly regarded and treated as a single entity. Some peopleTemplate:Who consider it a language separate from Swedish.

The dialects share many characteristics with Trøndersk — the dialect spoken to the west in Norwegian Trøndelag, and has historically sometimes been considered to be Norwegian in origin.Template:Sfn The current view in Scandinavian dialectology, however, is that they belong in either the East or West Scandinavian branch.

Name

The local name for the dialects is jamska. There is, however, no common term for the dialects in English, and academic sources call them by various names, such as jamska, jämtska, Jämtish dialect, Jämtlandic dialect, Jämtland dialects or dialects of Jämtland.Template:Citation needed

The endonym jamska is technically a definite form; the indefinite form jaamsk/jamske is rarely used.Template:Citation needed

Characteristics

Vowel balance

Like all other central Scandinavian dialects (Trønder dialects, east Norwegian dialects, Norrland dialects, some Finland Swedish dialects), the most characteristic feature of the Jämtland dialects is vowel balance, an event that caused the vowel endings after heavy syllables to weaken and later even drop entirely in some dialects moving the tone over from ending to the root syllable, example Old Norse kasta Template:IPA > Template:IPA (> Template:IPA "to throw"), while the endings after light syllables instead were reinforced, and even caused a type of umlaut or vowel harmony on the root vowel (example Old Norse lifa Template:IPA > Template:IPA > Template:IPA > Template:IPA "to live"). According to one theory, this phenomenon has its roots in influence from the neighbouring Saami languages in medieval times.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Prosody

The Old Norse phonemic contrast of light and heavy syllables is partly preserved in eastern Jämtland dialects,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and to some degree in Western Jämtland dialects<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in the Oviken parish in southwestern Jämtland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In eastern Jämtland and in Oviken parish, short stressed syllables are preserved from Old Norse words like hǫku 'chin', lifa 'to live', which have evolved to Template:IPA in Fors parish, Template:IPA in Ragunda and Stugun parishes, Template:IPA in Hällesjö parish,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Template:IPA in Oviken parish,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while lifa has become [læ̂ʋa᷈] or similar in all of the parishes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In western Jämtland, the short syllables are less stable, and are often lengthened to long or half-long in accent 2 words, but is preserved in accent 1 words: Old Norse svið 'burned' has become [sʋɛ̂] in Åre parish,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> while accent 2 words like Old Norse lofa 'to promise', duna 'to make noise', which have evolved to Template:IPA or Template:IPA, and Template:IPA in Undersåker, Kall and Åre parishes.<ref name=":0" />

Primary and secondary diphthongs

Central- and southwestern Jämtland dialects have preserved the Old Norse primary diphthongs ai, au, ey, usually with pronunciations like Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> In the Offerdal parish in western Jämtland, ai and ey have monophthongized to Template:IPA and Template:IPA,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while au is preserved as Template:IPA.<ref name=":1" /> Eastern Jämtland dialects (spoken in the parishes Borgvattnet, Ragunda, Fors, Stugun, Håsjö, Hällesjö) have no diphthongs, but have monophthongized ai to Template:IPA, ey to Template:IPA, and au to Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA or Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Southwestern Jämtland dialects have not only preserved the original diphthongs, but also, similar to Icelandic and some dialects in Norway, diphthongized Old Norse á to Template:IPA in Myssjö parish, Template:IPA in Hackås and Oviken parishes, and Template:IPA in Berg and Rätan parishes.<ref name=":1" />

Voiceless L

The Jämtland dialects, like Icelandic, Faroese, and other northern Scandinavian dialects, have both a voiced Template:IPA and voiceless Template:IPA l-sound. This sound comes from a voiced l that has been partly assimilated by either a preceding s or t, or a following t: Old Norse kirtilinn 'gland' has become Template:IPA, Template:IPA<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or similar, Old Norse slíta 'to struggle, to pull' has become Template:IPA, Template:IPA<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> or similar, and Old Norse allt 'all' has become Template:IPA or similar.<ref name=":2" />

Orthography

There have been attempts to standardize the orthography of the Jämtland dialects. The attempt that has been the most popular is Vägledning för stavning av jamska (1994 and 1995) which is the work of the committee Akademien för jamska consisting of Bodil Bergner, Berta Magnusson and Bo Oscarsson. The most prominent application of this orthography has been to prepare translations of parts of the Bible into the dialect, resulting in the book Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska. An excerpt:

Genesis 1:26–27:

²⁶Å Gud saa: 'Lätt oss gjära når mänish, nager som e lik oss. Å dom ske rå öve fishn derri havan å över foglan pyne himmela, å öve tamdjura öve heile jola, å öve all de djur som kravl å rör se på jorn.'

²⁷Å Gud skapa mänishan å gjool som n avbild ta se själv. Te kær å kviin skapa n dom.

The book does not fully follow Vägledning för stavning av jamska. For example, using Vägledning för stavning av jamska one would spell gjæra v. 'do; make', not "gjära". Another spelling convention in Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska is the use of the digraph "sh", in e.g. "mänish" n. 'human being' and "fishn" n. 'the fish', with the same pronunciation as English 'sh' in 'shoe'. Properly using Vägledning för stavning av jamska, this would be spelled sch; see § 26 in the external link below. People writing Jämtland dialects commonly use the letters of the Swedish alphabet, with the addition of æ and ô.Template:Citation needed The letters c, q, w, x, and z are usually not used.Template:Citation needed

References

Notes

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Bibliography

• Dä glöm fäll int jamska, published by Margareta Persson (red.), 1986
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar by Arnold Dalen
• Vägledning för stavning av jamska by Akademien för jamska
• Publisher's webpage about Nagur Bibelteksta på jamska