J. B. Jeyaretnam

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use Singapore English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Joshua Benjamin JeyaretnamTemplate:Efn (5 January 1926 – 30 September 2008)<ref name="Still standing">Template:Cite news</ref> was a Singaporean politician and lawyer who served as secretary-general of the opposition Workers' Party from 1971 to 2001 and was the de facto Leader of the Opposition between 1981 and 1986. He was also an elected Member of Parliament for Anson SMC between 1981 and 1986, and a Non-constituency Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2001.

Born in Jaffna in 1926, Jeyaretnam grew up in Malaya and Singapore before he studied law in London and qualified as a barrister in 1951. Upon returning to Singapore, he worked in the legal service from 1952 to 1963 before setting up his own law firm in 1968. He entered politics in 1971 and became the secretary-general of the Workers' Party. Thereafter, he contested the 1972, 1976, 1980 general election, 1977 and 1979 by-elections, but lost to the governing People's Action Party (PAP) in all of them.<ref name="GE 1972 results">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="GE 1976 results">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="GE 1980 results">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="BE 1977 results">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="BE 1979 results">Template:Cite web</ref>

Jeyaretnam had his first electoral victory in the 1981 by-election in Anson SMC when he won 51.93% of the vote against the PAP's Pang Kim Hin and United People's Front's Harbans Singh,<ref name="BE 1981 results">Template:Cite web</ref> becoming the first opposition politician to be elected into Parliament since Singapore gained independence in 1965.<ref name="TODAY20: The lonely fighter (Oct 12, 2002)">Template:Cite news</ref> He contested in the 1984 general election in Anson SMC again and won with 56.81% of the vote against the PAP's Ng Pock Too.<ref name="GE 1984 results">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1986, following convictions for making false statements about the Workers' Party's accounts, Jeyaretnam was not only fined and imprisoned for a month, but also lost his parliamentary seat. After he was disqualified from practising law in 1987, he appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which reversed his disbarment in 1988 and called his conviction "a grievous injustice". Jeyaretnam appealed to Wee Kim Wee, the President of Singapore, for his convictions to be removed so that he could return to Parliament, but was denied.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" />

During the 1997 general election, Jeyaretnam joined a five-member Workers' Party team to contest in Cheng San GRC, but they lost 45.18% of the vote against the PAP team.<ref name="GE 1997 results">Template:Cite web</ref> Since the Workers' Party team in Cheng San GRC were the "best losers" in an election in which there were fewer than six elected opposition Members of Parliament, they were offered one parliamentary seat as a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP), which Jeyaretnam took up. However, Jeyaretnam lost his NCMP seat and left the Workers' Party in 2001 when he was declared bankrupt after failing to keep up with damages from a series of defamation suits against him.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" />

After his discharge from bankruptcy in 2007, Jeyaretnam founded the Reform Party in June 2008.<ref name="Opposition politician JBJ forming new political party">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He died of heart failure on 30 September that year.<ref name="Death 1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Death 2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life and education

An Anglican Christian of Sri Lankan Tamil descent,<ref name="Still standing" /> Jeyaretnam was born in Chankanai, Jaffna while his parents were on leave from Malaya.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia">Template:Cite web</ref> His father, Victor Lord Joshua, moved to Malaya and took up a position with the Public Works Department.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Jeyaretnam grew up in Johor and started his formal education in Muar in a French convent where his eldest sister was a student. When his education at English College Johore Bahru<ref name="Singapore Infopedia"/> was disrupted by the Japanese occupation of Malaya, Jeyaretnam learned Japanese to make himself more employable, and began working in the census department, then as an interpreter in the Japanese Transport Department. In Jeyaretnam's oral interviews, he said it was a means to avoid being pressed into building the Burma Railway, which was called the "Death Railway" due to the high fatality rate during its construction.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the war, Jeyaretnam moved to Singapore, where he continued his education at St. Andrew's School. In 1948, he left for England to read law at University College London and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (Honours) in 1951.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia"/>

Legal career

After being called to the bar as a barrister at Gray's Inn on 27 November 1951, Jeyaretnam joined the Singapore Legal Service in 1952. In the following 11 years, Jeyaretnam held various positions, including magistrate, district judge, crown counsel, deputy public prosecutor and registrar of the Supreme Court. He was also Singapore's first criminal district judge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In his memoir, Jeyaretnam revealed that he had crossed swords with Lee Kuan Yew when the latter was still a practising lawyer, at times when Jeyaretnam was the deputy public prosecutor and later the presiding court judge. He left the legal service in 1963 for private practice and eventually set up his own law firm in 1968.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 1970, a month after the abolition of jury trials in Singapore, Jeyaretnam represented Teo Cheng Leong, who had been found guilty of shooting at a police officer with intent to cause harm and was the first person to be sentenced to death in Singapore by a non-jury trial court with two judges. Before the trial, Jeyaretnam sought to have Teo tried by a jury since his case took place in March 1969, ten months before the abolition of jury trials, so the case should be conferred for a jury trial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jeyaretnam's request was overruled and Teo was eventually hanged in May 1971.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1983, Jeyaretnam defended Tan Mui Choo, one of the three perpetrators of the 1981 Toa Payoh ritual murders.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Political career

Elections between 1971 and 1980

In June 1971, Jeyaretnam joined the opposition Workers' Party and became the party's secretary-general.<ref name="Firebrand">Template:Cite news</ref> He made his electoral debut in the 1972 general election when he contested in Farrer Park SMC against Lee Chiaw Meng of the governing People's Action Party (PAP) and S. A. Latiff of the opposition United People's Front (UPF). He lost with 23.11% of the vote against Lee's 73.82%, but did better than Latiff's 3.07%.<ref name="GE 1972 results" />

During the 1976 general election, Jeyaretnam contested in Kampong Chai Chee SMC against PAP candidate Andrew Fong, but lost after garnering 40.08% of the vote against Fong's 59.92%.<ref name="GE 1976 results" /> The following year, he contested in the by-election in Radin Mas SMC against the PAP's Bernard Chen, but lost with 29.41% of the vote against Chen's 70.59%.<ref name="BE 1977 results" /> In 1979, he contested in a by-election in Telok Blangah SMC against Rohan Kamis of the PAP, but lost with 38.78% of the vote against Rohan's 61.22%.<ref name="BE 1979 results" /> During the 1980 general election, he contested in Telok Blangah SMC against Rohan and lost again after garnering 46.98% of the vote against his opponent's 53.02%.<ref name="GE 1980 results" />

First opposition Member of Parliament since 1965

Jeyaretnam contested in a three-cornered fight during the 1981 by-election in Anson SMC against Pang Kim Hin of the PAP and Harbans Singh of the United People's Front. He won with 51.93% of the vote against Pang's 47.1% and Singh's 0.97%,<ref name="BE 1981 results" /> becoming the first opposition politician to be elected to Parliament since Singapore gained independence in 1965.<ref name="TODAY20: The lonely fighter (Oct 12, 2002)" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the same year, Jeyaretnam represented Chiam See Tong, founder of the opposition Singapore Democratic Party, in filing a writ in the High Court seeking damages from Defence Minister Howe Yoon Chong and Foreign Affairs Minister S. Dhanabalan for slandering him during the speeches they made in 1980. Chiam eventually dropped the lawsuits against Howe and Dhanabalan after they publicly apologised to him.<ref name="Let the People Have Him" /><ref name="Dhana apologises to SDP's Chiam">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Election remarks; Chiam accepts Howe's apology">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1982, a complaint against Jeyaretnam was referred to the Singapore Parliament's Committee of Privileges, which looks into allegations of breaches of parliamentary privilege.<ref name="COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES">Template:Cite web</ref> He received a reprimand for not declaring a conflict of interest in an issue he brought up in Parliament which involved a person whom he was representing as a lawyer.<ref name="askST">Template:Cite news</ref>

Jeyaretnam contested in Anson SMC again during the 1984 general election and won with 56.81% of the vote against the PAP candidate Ng Pock Too's 43.19%.<ref name="GE 1984 results" /> The 1984 general election also saw Chiam winning the election in Potong Pasir SMC with 60.28% against the PAP candidate Mah Bow Tan.<ref name="GE 1984 results" /> Jeyaretnam and Chiam were the only two elected opposition Members of Parliament in the Sixth Parliament.<ref name="Let the People Have Him">Template:Cite book</ref>

Parliamentary fines and loss of parliamentary seat

In March 1986, Jeyaretnam was referred to the Committee of Privileges again<ref name="COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES" /> for making an unsubstantiated allegation in Parliament about the wrongful arrest of a citizen and failing to declare a conflict of interest in an issue he brought up in Parliament. He received two fines amounting to S$2,000.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /><ref name="askST" />

Jeyaretnam was also fined S$1,000 by the committee for alleging that the Cabinet had interfered with the Subordinate Courts. After he sent letters to Anson SMC residents about the committee's conduct during his hearing, he was fined a total of S$25,000 for making a distorted report of the hearing in his letters.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /><ref name="askST" />

On 10 November 1986, Jeyaretnam lost his parliamentary seat following his convictions for making false statements.<ref name="Jeya's disqualification came into effect on Nov 10" /><ref name="Firebrand" />

Jeyaretnam was fined S$10,000 in 1987 on a complaint that he, as the editor of the Workers' Party's newsletter "The Hammer", had allowed the publication of a distorted report on the committee in December 1986. The Workers' Party's executive council was also fined S$5,000.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /><ref name="askST" />

Presidential elections

In 1993, Jeyaretnam submitted an application for a certificate of eligibility to contest the presidential election but his application was rejected.

1997 general election

During the 1997 general election, Jeyaretnam joined a five-member Workers' Party team to contest in Cheng San GRC against a PAP team led by Education Minister Lee Yock Suan. However, the Workers' Party team lost after garnering 45.18% of the vote against the PAP team's 54.82%.<ref name="GE 1997 results" /> Since the Workers' Party team in Cheng San GRC were the "best losers" in an election in which there were fewer than six elected opposition Members of Parliament, they were offered one parliamentary seat as a Non-constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP). The Workers' Party selected Jeyaretnam to be the NCMP, which he accepted.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" /> He lost his NCMP seat after being declared bankrupt in July 2001 because undischarged bankrupts are barred from serving in Parliament and running for parliamentary elections.<ref name="Firebrand" />

Leaving the Workers' Party

In October 2001, Jeyaretnam left the Workers' Party after he felt ostracised by his fellow party members<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and after he accused the party's leaders of not offering to help him with his debt payments.<ref name="Firebrand" />

Founding the Reform Party

Following his discharge from bankruptcy in May 2007, Jeyaretnam announced his intention in April 2008 to challenge the PAP government again by forming a new political party, the Reform Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 17 June 2008, the Registry of Societies approved the Reform Party's application, making it an officially registered society in Singapore. Jeyaretnam served as the interim secretary-general of the party, which had only the legal minimum of ten members at the time of its creation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legal troubles

1977–1979: Defamation suit from Lee Kuan Yew

After the 1976 general election, Lee Kuan Yew demanded an unconditional apology from Jeyaretnam for making the following remarks in a speech during the lead-up to the election: Template:Quote

Lee filed a defamation suit against Jeyaretnam in court when the latter refused to apologise. Lee and Jeyaretnam were represented in court by Queen's Counsels Robert Alexander<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and John Mortimer respectively, with the latter defending Jeyaretnam pro bono.<ref name="The Guardian 2008" /> A five-day trial took place in November 1978 and made headlines in The Straits Times. During the trial, Michael Wong Pakshong, the managing director of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), claimed that the law firm Lee & Lee (run by Lee's wife Kwa Geok Choo) and Lee's brother Lee Kim Yew (a director of Tat Lee Bank) had no influence on the MAS's decision to grant a banking licence to Tat Lee Bank. Mortimer, while defending Jeyaretnam, said that Jeyaretnam held no responsibility for all the insinuations inferred from his words.<ref name="Lee's Law: How Singapore Crushes Dissent" />

In January 1979, Jeyaretnam lost the case and was ordered by High Court judge Frederick Arthur Chua to pay Lee S$130,000 in damages and costs.<ref name="Firebrand" /> He appealed to the Court Appeal and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council but lost both appeals and incurred up to S$500,000 in damages and costs. As a result, he had to sell his bungalow to pay the damages and costs, and move into a rental apartment.<ref name="Lee's Law: How Singapore Crushes Dissent" /><ref name="WP - 1971 to 1980">Template:Cite web</ref>

1983–1986: Convictions for making false statements

In December 1983, Jeyaretnam and Workers' Party chairman Wong Hong Toy were charged with falsely declaring the party's accounts. They were also accused of defrauding Tay Boon Too, a PAP Member of Parliament whom the Workers' Party had unsuccessfully sued for defamation in 1972. The suit had been dismissed by High Court judge Frederick Arthur Chua, who had also ordered the Workers' Party to pay Tay's legal costs amounting to S$14,000.<ref name="Lee's Law: How Singapore Crushes Dissent">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /><ref name="WP - 1971 to 1980" /><ref name="OPPOSITION LEADER IN SINGAPORE JAILED AND LOSES HIS SEAT">Template:Cite news</ref>

In early 1984, senior district judge Michael Khoo found Jeyaretnam and Wong guilty of one of the four charges they faced but acquitted them of the other three. After both the defendants and the prosecution appealed against the judgement, the case was heard in May 1984 by Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin. In April 1985, Wee found Jeyaretnam and Wong guilty of two of the three charges they had been acquitted of earlier, and fined them S$2,000 each. He also ordered a retrial for the offence of making a false declaration.<ref name="window">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" />

On 25 September 1985, Jeyaretnam and Wong were found guilty by a district court and each sentenced to three months' imprisonment, but they appealed against the judgement. In November 1986, High Court judge Lai Kew Chai dismissed their appeals but reduced their sentences to one month's imprisonment and fined them S$5,000 each.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /> Under the Singapore Constitution, a Member of Parliament has to vacate his/her seat if he/she is fined S$2,000 or more, or sentenced to a jail term of 12 months or more, so on 10 December 1986, Jeyaretnam lost his parliamentary seat.<ref name="Jeya's disqualification came into effect on Nov 10">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

1987–1988: Disbarment and reversal

After Jeyaretnam completed serving his one-month jail term on 10 December 1986,<ref name="Jeya's disqualification came into effect on Nov 10" /> the Law Society of Singapore, acting on a complaint by Attorney-General Tan Boon Teik, commenced proceedings against him under the Legal Profession Act on the grounds that he was no longer fit to practise law because of his convictions. In October 1987, a panel of three judges, including Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin, struck Jeyaretnam off the roll of advocates and solicitors of the Supreme Court, barring him from practising law in Singapore.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" /><ref name="Firebrand" />

In October 1988, following an appeal from Jeyaretnam, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) reversed his disbarment,<ref name="sentinel">Template:Cite news</ref> noting in their judgement: Template:Quote

After the JCPC's judgement, Jeyaretnam requested President Wee Kim Wee to remove his convictions. However, the President, constitutionally bound to act in accordance with the Cabinet's advice,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> denied the request, so Jeyaretnam remained disqualified from participating in parliamentary elections until 1991.<ref name="WP - 1981 to 1986" />

1988–1990: Defamation suit from Lee Kuan Yew

Although Jeyaretnam was barred from contesting in the 1988 general election due to his convictions in 1986, he still participated in the Workers' Party's rallies during the campaigning period. In one rally speech, he questioned if the PAP government had carried out an inquiry into the death of former National Development Minister Teh Cheang Wan, who had committed suicide in December 1986 by overdosing while he was being investigated for corruption. Jeyaretnam asked how Teh had obtained the tablets he used to commit suicide, and if Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had responded to a letter from Teh written before his suicide.<ref name="WP - 1987 to 1990">Template:Cite web</ref>

After the election, Lee sued Jeyaretnam for slander, alleging that Jeyaretnam implied that he had abetted Teh's suicide and covered up corruption. In August 1990, High Court judge Lai Kew Chai ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay Lee damages of S$260,000 with interest on the amount and costs.<ref name="Firebrand" /> After Jeyaretnam lost his appeal to the Court of Appeal, he attempted to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) again. However, the law had been amended since the 1988 JCPC ruling in Jeyaretnam's favour. Under the new rules, for civil cases, an appeal to the JCPC would be allowed only if all parties involved consented to it. Lee did not give his consent so Jeyaretnam could not appeal to the JCPC.<ref name="WP - 1987 to 1990" /> All remaining appeals to the JCPC were eventually abolished from 8 April 1994 onwards.<ref>By the Template:Singapore legislation (for commentary, see Template:Citation), the Template:Singapore legislation and the Template:Singapore legislation.</ref>

1995–2001: Defamation suits from Tamil PAP MPs and others

In November 1995, Jeyaretnam and the Workers' Party's central executive committee faced two defamation suits. The first was from five PAP Members of Parliament of Tamil origin, including Foreign Affairs Minister S. Jayakumar.<ref name="Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada" /> The second was from Indra Krishnan and members of the organising committee of the Tamil Language Week. The lawsuits came after an article published in the Workers' Party's newsletter "The Hammer" implied that the plaintiffs' efforts to promote the Tamil language in Singapore had not been sincere enough.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada" />

In September 1997, Jeyaretnam and the Workers' Party agreed to pay S$200,000 in damages and costs to the five PAP Members of Parliament by six instalments.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" /> Three instalments amounting to S$100,000 were paid by February 1998.<ref name="Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada" />

On 30 November 1998, the High Court ordered Jeyaretnam and the Workers' Party to pay S$265,000 in damages and costs to ten plaintiffs in the second lawsuit.<ref name="Firebrand" /> The Workers' Party appealed against the judgement but lost the appeal on 21 April 1999. At the time, the total sum had increased to almost S$500,000, including legal costs.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" /> Eight of the plaintiffs initiated bankruptcy proceedings against him and he was declared bankrupt in January 2001. In July 2001, Jeyaretnam appealed against his bankruptcy order and his case was heard in the Court of Appeal on 23 July 2001.<ref name="Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada" />

1997–2001: Defamation suits from Goh Chok Tong and others

Following the 1997 general election, Jeyaretnam faced nine defamation suits from 11 Cabinet ministers and Members of Parliament from the PAP for speaking up in support of Workers' Party candidate Tang Liang Hong, who himself also faced 13 defamation suits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The plaintiffs included Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, and Deputy Prime Ministers Lee Hsien Loong and Tony Tan. The lawsuits came after Tang had accused the plaintiffs of lying when they labelled him as "anti-Christian" and "Chinese chauvinist" during the campaigning period. Jeyaretnam had also said during a rally speech, Template:Quote

During the trial, which started on 18 August 1997, Jeyaretnam and Goh were represented by Queen's Counsels George Carman and Thomas Shields respectively.<ref name="Some Degree of Damage" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Open Court in Singapore">Template:Cite news</ref> On 20 August 1997, Carman accused Goh of lying and challenged his assertions that Singapore was a democracy.<ref name="Singapore Leader Is Accused of Lying">Template:Cite news</ref> During cross-examination by Carman, Goh likened Jeyaretnam's statement to throwing a Molotov cocktail. However, on further questioning, Goh also stated that "it has been a good year" for him and his standing as a leader had not been injured.<ref name="hatchet">Template:Cite book</ref> The trial generated much public interest, with representatives from the International Commission of Jurists and Amnesty International in attendance as observers.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" />

High Court judge S. Rajendran, who heard the case,<ref name="Open Court in Singapore" /> delivered his judgement on 29 September 1997. He found Jeyaretnam's words were non-intentional yet defamatory, but not to the extent which Goh claimed, and ordered Jeyaretnam to pay Goh damages of S$20,000 (10% of what Goh claimed) and 60% of Goh's legal costs.<ref name="WP - 1991 to 2000" /> The judge also said Goh should pay 40% as the case was "overstated" and criticised the other plaintiffs' lawyers for not consolidating their lawsuits to reduce legal costs.<ref name="Some Degree of Damage" /> Goh appealed against the judgement and the damages were subsequently increased to S$100,000 plus legal costs.<ref name="International trial observer to attend Court of Appeal as former opposition leader JB Jeyaretnam faces possible expulsion from parliament">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Amnesty International representatives who observed the trials said that the lawsuits were politically motivated. Goh commenced bankruptcy proceedings against Jeyaretnam after he failed to pay an instalment, but discontinued them later with S$31,000 still outstanding.<ref name="International trial observer to attend Court of Appeal as former opposition leader JB Jeyaretnam faces possible expulsion from parliament" />

In December 2000, Lee Kuan Yew and the other plaintiffs resumed the 1997 defamation suits against Jeyaretnam which had not been heard in court yet. Jeyaretnam attempted to have those lawsuits dismissed, but his application was turned down so he appealed to the Court of Appeal, which heard the case on 25 July 2001.<ref name="International trial observer to attend Court of Appeal as former opposition leader JB Jeyaretnam faces possible expulsion from parliament" />

Leaking of the police reports to the press

On 25 April 2019, former SPH journalist Bertha Henson revealed in a blog post that the police reports which Tang Liang Hong made in 1997 had been unofficially forwarded by the Singapore Police Force to The New Paper, which published them. After Tang and Jeyaretnam were sued for defamation, Henson and The New Paper editor P. N. Balji realised that they had inadvertently spread the allegedly defamatory words to more people, meaning that the plaintiffs could have sought more damages if they had won the lawsuits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The following day, Kenneth Jeyaretnam called Henson's confession "brave" and said that it "provided prima facie evidence of corruption" in the 1997 lawsuits against his father. He also said that the unauthorised leaks had allowed the plaintiffs to claim aggravated damages, and that his father's lawyer George Carman could have used the unauthorised leaks in his defence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2001–2007: Bankruptcy

On 23 and 25 July 2001, the Court of Appeal dismissed two bankruptcy appeals from Jeyaretnam after he failed to pay instalments on time for the damages arising from the earlier defamation lawsuits.<ref name="Death of Singaporean maverick">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada">Template:Cite web</ref> As undischarged bankrupts are barred from serving in Parliament, Jeyaretnam lost his seat as a Non-constituency Member of Parliament on 25 July 2001. He was also disbarred.<ref name="Jeya loses NCMP seat, Speaker declares">Template:Cite news</ref>

To pay off his debts, Jeyaretnam went onto the streets to sell copies of two books he wrote: Make It Right for Singapore and The Hatchet Man of Singapore. The first book contains the texts of some of his parliamentary speeches from 1997 to 1999, while the second describes his trials. In 2003, he told the Associated Press that he had managed to sell as many as 10 copies of The Hatchet Man of Singapore each time he went out, and that the first 2,000 copies had been almost sold out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In May 2007, Jeyaretnam was discharged from bankruptcy after he paid the remaining sum of S$233,255.78 owed to his creditors.<ref name="Bankruptcy discharge bid: JBJ pays creditors on time">Template:Cite news</ref>

J B Jeyaretnam Foundation

On 5 January 2021, a charity tentatively named "J B Jeyaretnam Foundation" was set up to focus on poverty relief among marginalised groups.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal life

Jeyaretnam met his wife, Margaret Cynthia Walker, while they were both studying law in London. Walker joined Jeyaretnam in Singapore in 1956 and they married in February 1957.<ref name="Singapore Infopedia" /> She died of cancer in 1980.<ref name="The Guardian 2008">Template:Cite news</ref> They had two sons, Kenneth Jeyaretnam and Philip Jeyaretnam. Kenneth Jeyaretnam, a former hedge fund manager, has been the secretary-general of the Reform Party since 2009. Philip Jeyaretnam, a Senior Counsel, has been a judge of the Supreme Court since 2021 and was the president of the Law Society from 2004 to 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Death

Jeyaretnam was rushed to Tan Tock Seng Hospital in the early morning of 30 September 2008 after he complained that he had difficulties breathing. The doctors were unable to revive him<ref name="Death 2" /> and he died of heart failure at the age of 82.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In media

In 2001, three lecturers from Ngee Ann Polytechnic made a 15-minute documentary about Jeyaretnam after they met him while he was selling books on the streets. At the time, they did not know that he was a prominent opposition politician, and had not obtained official approval from Ngee Ann Polytechnic to make the documentary. The film was going to be screened at the Singapore International Film Festival in April 2002. However, the documentary was in violation of the Films Act, which bans the making, distribution and showing of films containing "wholly or partly either partisan or biased references to or comments on any political matter."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, it was withdrawn from the film festival and the three lecturers apologised.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• List of Singapore opposition party MPs elected

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• The Times: Joshua B. Jeyaretnam: Singapore opposition leader
• Jeyaretnam's trials and tribulations
• Review of 'Lee's Law: How Singapore crushes dissent'
• Amnesty International- background of defamation cases