Jack Cohen (businessman)

Sir John Edward Cohen (born Jacob Kohen; 6 October 1898 – 24 March 1979) was an English businessman who founded the Tesco supermarket chain. His company is the market leader of groceries in the UK, and the third-largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After serving in the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War, Cohen opened a market stall in Hackney in the East End of London in 1919. The first Tesco store opened in Edgware, north London, and by 1939 he had more than 100 stores, including the first stores outside London. He then floated the company onto the London Stock Exchange in 1947. As chairman of Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd. Cohen was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969.

Early and private life

Cohen was born in Whitechapel in the East End of London and grew up at 91 Ashfield Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=odnb>P. M. Oppenheimer, ‘Cohen, Sir John Edward (1898–1979)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2009 accessed 23 September 2013</ref><ref>English Heritage Blue Plaque for Tesco Founder</ref> His family were Jewish: his father, Avroam Kohen, was a Polish immigrant from Łódź who worked as a tailor, and his mother was Sime Zaremba.<ref name=odnb /> He was named Jacob but was known as Jack from an early age.<ref name=odnb/> He was educated at Rutland Street School until he was aged 14 and then began his working life as an apprentice tailor to his father.<ref name=odnb/> His mother died in 1915 and his father remarried.<ref name=odnb/>

In 1917, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps where he used his tailoring skills as a canvas maker for balloons and other aircraft.<ref name=odnb/> He served in France, and also in Egypt and Palestine.<ref name=odnb/> In December 1917, he was on board Template:HMS, a passenger and cargo ship that had been taken over by the Royal Navy as a supply ship and troopship. The vessel had sailed from Southampton carrying soldiers and medical personnel. But just as it reached its destination, Alexandria on the 31st, it struck a mine that had been laid at the harbour entrance a few days earlier by the German submarine Template:SMU. The ship sank in less than seven minutes with the loss of 209 people, including soldiers, nurses, ship's crew and the ship's captain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cohen survived, thanks to a nurse who helped him stay afloat in the water.<ref name=odnb/><ref name="Ryle2013">Template:Cite book</ref> He returned to England after contracting malaria, and was demobilised in 1919.<ref name=odnb/>

He married Sarah (Cissie) Fox, daughter of an immigrant Russian-Jewish tailor, in 1924.<ref name=odnb/> Cissie was a great supporter of her husband's business interests, so much so that the money they received as wedding gifts was invested in a wholesale venture.<ref name=EH>Template:Cite web</ref> They had two daughters, Sybil Irene (1926–2005) and Shirley (born 1930).<ref name=odnb/> Irene married Hyman Kreitman (1914–2001) and Shirley married Leslie Porter (1920–2005).<ref name=odnb/>

Cohen formally changed his name from Jacob Kohen to John Edward Cohen by deed poll in July 1937.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

He continued to work after a colostomy operation in 1958, standing down as chairman of Tesco in 1969.<ref name=odnb/> He died on 24 March 1979 at the age of 80 in Westminster and is buried in Willesden Jewish Cemetery.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Facelift">Template:Cite news</ref>

Career

Cohen was reluctant to return to tailoring after the First World War, and he established himself as a market stall holder in Hackney, in London's East End, by purchasing surplus NAAFI stock with his £30 demob money.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=EH/> At each market the traders would gather and, at a signal, they would race to their favoured pitch. Cohen could not run fast so he simply threw his cap at the spot and this could beat anyone.<ref name=Aris/> He soon became the owner of a number of market stalls, and started a wholesale business.<ref name=odnb/> Initially the other stalls were run by members of the family, but gradually non-family members were added. Cohen and his wife Elizabeth worked seven days a week, starting at dawn and counting money until late.<ref name=Aris>Template:Citation</ref>

In 1924, he created the Tesco brand name from the initials of a partner tea supplier, T. E. Stockwell (formerly Messrs Torring and Stockwell of Mincing Lane), and the first two letters of his surname.<ref name=odnb/> The market trading business became difficult to expand because partners tended to be unreliable, so eventually he changed to high street shops without doors, looking and sounding as far as possible like market stalls.<ref name=Aris/> The first two Tesco stores opened at Becontree and Burnt Oak in 1931.<ref name=odnb/> By 1939, Cohen owned a hundred Tesco stores.<ref name=odnb/> His expansion was helped by the growth of new shopping centres. Retailers are often reluctant to be the first to sign a contract in a new centre lest they become the only ones. With his market experience and courage, Cohen was often the one to take that risk and he had ways of drawing a crowd. Developers became keen to help him with his start-up costs because of his ability to get people into a new centre, benefiting the other shops.<ref name=Aris/>

The first Tesco bank account was opened at the Midland Bank in the Narroway, Mare Street, Hackney. A plaque in the branch later marked this event. On 2 July 1937 he changed his name by deed poll to John Edward Cohen at the suggestion of his bank manager, whose staff had trouble distinguishing between the many Jacob Cohens banking at the branch in Hackney.<ref name=odnb/>

In 1932, having opened his first Tesco-branded shops,<ref name=EH/> Cohen travelled to the United States to review their self-service supermarkets. At the time he was not impressed and felt they would never be accepted in the UK. After the war he took another look and listened to his son-in-law Hyman Kreitman, who was very keen. He opened one of the first British supermarkets. The new strategy was led by Kreitman, who understood how to manage this new style of shop and the crucial tasks of mass buying, selling and logistics. Tesco grew strongly. It gradually drew ahead of its rivals and took over many of them.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=Aris/>

He expanded the company by takeovers and mergers, making it the fourth largest chain in the United Kingdom by 1968 (behind Co-op, Fine Fare, and Allied Suppliers).<ref name=odnb/> He campaigned against retail price maintenance, tackled in the second half of the 1960s by the Resale Prices Act 1964, and was a leading instigator of the Green Shield trading stamps scheme in 1963.<ref name=odnb/>

Honours

File:Sir JACK COHEN 1898-1979 Entrepreneur Founder of Tesco Stores lived here as a child.jpg

Blue plaque in Whitechapel

Cohen was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 1969 New Year Honours.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was master of the Worshipful Company of Carmen in 1976–77.<ref name=odnb/> Sir John and Lady Cohen supported a range of charities in Britain and in Israel, giving their name to the Jewish Care facility, Lady Sarah Cohen House, at Friern Barnet, north London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2009, an English Heritage blue plaque was placed at 91 Ashfield Street, Whitechapel, London, where Cohen lived as a child.<ref name=EH/>

In 2018, Tesco founded a new discount chain named after Cohen, called Jack's.<ref name="bbc-19-sept-2018">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="the-guardian-19-sept-2018">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="bloomberg-19-sept-2018">Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, the name T.E. Stockwell was introduced the same year for use on selected food products, replacing the Tesco Value brand on these goods.

External links

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