James Noble Tyner

James Noble Tyner (January 17, 1826 – December 5, 1904) was a 19th-century American lawyer, U.S. Representative from Indiana and U.S. Postmaster General. Tyner served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1869 to 1875.

President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Tyner Second Assistant Postmaster General in 1875, and U.S. Postmaster General in 1876.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tyner served as First Assistant Postmaster General under President Rutherford B. Hayes from 1877 to 1881. In October 1881, President Chester A. Arthur requested his resignation because of his involvement in the Star Route postal frauds and for giving his son, whom he had appointed superintendent of the Chicago Post Office, a $1,000 salary increase.

Tyner served as Assistant Attorney General in the U.S. Post Office Department from 1889 to 1893, and from 1897 to 1903. Postmaster General Henry C. Payne requested his resignation in April 1903, after which Tyner was indicted for fraud and bribery. Tyner was acquitted after his family controversially removed pertinent papers from his office safe.

Early life and family

The fifth Governor of Indiana Noah Noble was Tyner's uncle.

James Noble Tyner was born in Brookville, Indiana, on January 17, 1826, one of twelve children born to Richard Tyner and Martha Sedgwick Willis Swift Noble.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Tyner's grandfather, William E. Tyner, was a pioneer Baptist minister who preached in Eastern Indiana for many years.Template:Sfn His father was a prominent Indiana businessman, and his maternal uncle was Indiana Governor Noah Noble. Another brother was U.S. Senator James Noble.Template:Sfn Tyner graduated from Brookville Academy in 1844 and joined his father's banking and business ventures.Template:Sfn Tyner then studied law, attained admission to the bar in 1857, and practiced in Peru, Indiana.Template:Sfn

Political career

From 1857 to 1861, Tyner was secretary of the Indiana Senate. In 1860, he served as a Republican presidential elector and cast his ballot for Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. From 1861 to 1866, Tyner was a special agent for the United States Post Office Department.Template:Sfn

U.S. Representative (1869–1875)

In 1869, Tyner was elected to the United States House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused when Representative-elect Daniel D. Pratt resigned after winning a seat in the United States Senate.Template:Sfn Tyner represented Indiana's 8th District during the 41st, 42nd, and 43rd U.S. Congresses from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1875.Template:Sfn Tyner, considered a reformer in his first two terms, gave few speeches in the House and was noted for his statistical accuracy and "sound reasoning".<ref name=Barnes_p61>Barnes (1872), Republican Candidates in Indiana, p. 61</ref>Template:Sfn After Congress passed the unpopular 1873 Salary Grab Act, many members lost their seats, and Tyner was among those who lost his party's nomination for re-election in 1874.Template:Sfn

Advocated repeal of franking privilege

On February 5, 1870, Tyner made his first House speech, in which he advocated for ending the Congressional Franking Privilege.<ref name=Barnes_p61/> President Grant's Postmaster General John Creswell also advocated the end of franking, but efforts to eliminate it failed, and members of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate continued to send franked mail for free.

Opposition to railroad subsidies

Tyner spoke against granting large land subsidies to the Northern Pacific Railroad.Template:Sfn In his view, the land between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean should be settled gradually over time, giving settlers free land to build houses.Template:Sfn Tyner considered America to be an empire and believed U.S. citizens had a right to settle the West.Template:Sfn On May 16, 1870, Tyner stated in a speech to the House, "Much as we desire to see the country lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific teeming with an industrious population, it would be far better to reach that end by slow marches than to rush into a policy that will eventually retard its prosperity and check its growth."Template:Sfn

Salary Grab 1873

Salary Grab Act

Template:Further On March 3, 1873, Grant signed a bill into law that increased the President's pay from $25,000 to $50,000, raised Congressional salaries from $5,000 to $7,500, and included a $5,000 bonus for House and Senate members. Tyner voted for the bill, which came to be known as the Salary Grab Act. Newspapers widely publicized the $5,000 bonus, and the bill was repealed in January 1874, though the president's salary raise remained in effect. The unpopularity of the salary grab led to many members of Congress losing their seats, and Tyner lost the Republican nomination when he ran for re-election in 1874.Template:Sfn

Committees served on

U.S. Capitol in 1869 at the time Tyner was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

• 41st Congress (1869–1871)

House Education and Labor 7th-Majority

House Post Office and Post Roads, 6th-Majority.<ref name=Barnes_p61/><ref name=C-SPAN_JNT>James Noble Tyner Template:Webarchive C-SPAN (2015)</ref>

• 42nd Congress (1871–1873)

House Post Office and Post Roads 4th-Majority Chairman

House Public Buildings and Grounds 3rd-Majority.<ref name=C-SPAN_JNT/>

Washington Monument SelectTemplate:Sfn

• 43rd Congress (1873–1875)

House Appropriations 3rd-Majority.<ref name=C-SPAN_JNT/>

Second assistant Postmaster General (1875–1876)

In February 1875, Grant appointed Tyner as Second Assistant U.S. Postmaster General, serving under Postmaster General Marshall Jewell and First Assistant Postmaster General James William Marshall. He served from February 26, 1875, to July 12, 1876, when he was appointed as Jewell's successor.

Postmaster General (1876–1877)

Tyner seated opposite Grant in Grant's Cabinet 1876–1877

On July 12, 1876, President Grant appointed Tyner Postmaster General, serving until March 12, 1877. Tyner secured his old position of Second Assistant Postmaster General to his fellow Indianan and Civil War general Thomas J. Brady appointed by President Grant. Brady was later involved in the Star Route postal scandal that was revealed after President James A. Garfield took office in 1881.

First assistant Postmaster General (1877–1881)

President Chester A. Arthur removed Tyner from office on October 17, 1881, after Tyner had refused to resign.

After the end of the Grant administration, he was appointed to First Assistant Postmaster General by President Rutherford B. Hayes, serving from 1877 until his resignation in October 1881. When President James A. Garfield took office on March 4, 1881, there were rumors of fraud in the postal department, where corrupt contractors had made excessive profits on Star Routes. President Garfield ordered an investigation by his appointed Postmaster General Thomas L. James.<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881">New York Times (October 18, 1881), General Tyner Requested to Resign</ref> Tyner was familiar with the inner workings of the postal contract system and upon investigation by Postmaster General James was assumed to have known and allowed postal contract profiteering. James ordered Tyner to resign office by July, but after Garfield was assassinated and incapacitated, Tyner refused to leave. Also involved in the Star Route frauds was Second Assistant Postmaster Thomas J. Brady.<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881"/> The investigation revealed that Tyner had given his son a lucrative job of $2,000 a year as superintendent of the Chicago Post Office. When his son took the position Tyner had increased his salary from $1,000 to $2,000. After Garfield died on September 19, and former Vice President Chester A. Arthur took office, Arthur finally forced Tyner to vacate office on October 17, 1881.<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881"/>

Later career

On the evening of June 12, 1882, Tyner was seriously injured, suffering a concussion and bruising on his face after being thrown from a buggy while riding near Brightwood.<ref name=NYT_06-14-1882>New York Times (June 14, 1882), Mr. Tyner Seriously Injured</ref> Tyner recovered after being taken to the city for treatment.<ref name=NYT_06-14-1882/>

Tyner was a delegate to the International Postal Congress in Paris in 1878 and in Washington, D.C., in 1897. Tyner served as Assistant Attorney General of the Post Office Department from 1889 to 1893 and again from 1897 to 1903.

Post Office frauds and investigation (1903)

Postmaster General Henry C. Payne removed Tyner from office on April 22, 1903

On March 7, 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt launched an investigation into fraud in the Post Office.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> Early in April, Postmaster General Henry C. Payne asked Tyner to resign his office.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner pleaded with Payne to remain in office.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Payne postponed Tyner's resignation to May 1 and told Tyner he was suspended from duties as Assistant Attorney.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> This left Tyner in the precarious position of technically being an Assistant Attorney without administrative powers.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner instructed his wife to retrieve his official papers from the safe room in his Washington D.C. office on the fifth floor of the Postal Department.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> On Tuesday, April 20 Mrs. Tyner arrived at Tyner's office at closing time, 4 P.M., and was allowed to enter Tyner's office alone.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner's wife then allowed entry to her sister-in-law and a company safe man by another door who unlocked the safe, after which, Mrs. Tyner retrieved all of Tyner's official papers.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Having bundled and packaged the papers Mrs. Tyner sent the papers with an African American messenger to Tyner's residence. After her party had left by the other door, Mrs. Tyner walked out of Tyner's office alone and returned to Tyner's house.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> The head of the Post Office Bureau, George Christiancy, discovered the theft and informed Postmaster General Payne of the events.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Payne sent two investigators to Tyner's house, but Tyner and his wife refused to give the investigators Tyner's any papers, and did not allow the investigators into Tyner's residence.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/>

On April 22, 1903, Assistant Attorney General Tyner was removed from office by Postmaster General Payne.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903">New York Times (April 24, 1903), Wife Seizes Papers for James N. Tyner</ref> Four days later on April 26 Tyner and his wife denied any wrongdoing.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903">New York Times (April 27, 1903) Tyners Deny Wrongdoing</ref> Tyner stated that he had served his country faithfully and the officials at the Post Office had "lost their heads".<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Tyner asked to stay on as Assistant Attorney after March 9 to vindicate his honor,<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> while Mrs. Tyner stated that she and her husband had been labeled robbers by the Postal Department.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Mrs. Tyner said that she had been freely allowed to go into Tyner's office, that nothing was done in secret,<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> and that she had returned papers in a box to the Postal Department.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/>

In mid-1903 Tyner was investigated for corruption in the Post Office by special prosecutor Charles J. Bonaparte and Fourth Assistant Postmaster General Joseph L. Bristow.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208>Chambers-Woodward (1974), Responses of the presidents to Charges of Presidential Misconduct, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 208</ref> Tyner was indicted three times for fraud and one count of bribery.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> First Assistant Postmaster Perry S. Heath was also indicted.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/> President Roosevelt stated the postal investigation revealed a condition of "gross corruption" in their offices.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/> Allegations against Tyner and Heath ranged from gross negligence of office and criminal collusion, to actual participation in frauds, bribery, and financial profiteering.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903>New York Times (November 30, 1903), The Postal Frauds</ref> Tyner was acquitted for lack of evidence since Tyner's wife had removed his papers from his office in April.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> Bristow's investigation resulted in 41 indictments against 31 persons connected to the postal fraud.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/> Four postal officers and employees resigned, while thirteen workers were removed from office.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/>

Death

From July, 1902, Tyner had been suffering from paralysis, and the postal investigation trial in 1904 had strained his health further.<ref name=NYT_12-06-1904>New York Times (December 6, 1904), James N Tyner Dead</ref> He died in Washington, D.C., on December 5, 1904, and was interred there in Oak Hill Cemetery.<ref name=NYT_12-06-1904/>

Historical reputation

Tyner was the only member of the Grant Administration cabinet to hold a federal office appointment in the 20th Century, serving under President William McKinley and President Theodore Roosevelt.<ref name=DOAB_1936_pp100_101>Dictionary of American Biography (1936), edited by Dumas Malone, pages 101–102</ref> He was elected three times to the House starting in 1869, however he was not reelected in 1874 due to his vote for the controversial Salary Grab Act. His long career in the Post Office Department was suspended in 1881 and finally ended in 1903 under suspicion of corruption. In 1903, Tyner's reputation was damaged after taking official government documents from his office in Washington D.C.

Sources

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External links

• Template:Find a Grave

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