Janjaweed

The Janjaweed (Template:Langx) are a Sudanese Arab nomad militia group operating in the Sahel region,<ref>Abusharaf, 74, 76;Template:Cite web</ref> specifically in Sudan, particularly in Darfur and eastern Chad.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They have also been speculated to be active in Yemen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="0:">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the United Nations definition, Janjaweed membership consists of Arab nomad tribes from the Sahel, the core of whom are Abbala Arabs, traditionally employed in camel herding, with significant recruitment from the Baggara.

Janjaweed nomads were initially at odds with Darfur's sedentary population due to competition over grazing grounds and farmland, a conflict exacerbated by drought. The Janjaweed were a major player in the Darfur conflict between 2003 and 2020, in opposition to the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement rebels.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="aljazeera2020">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2013, the Rapid Support Forces grew out of the Janjaweed.<ref name="AJE_who_RSF_Hemeti"/>

Etymology

The origin of the word Janjaweed is unclear. It may derive from the Arabic words jinn (Template:Langx) and ʾajāwīd (Template:Langx), and thus has been translated into English by some sources as "devils on horseback".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other sources suggest it may derive from the Persian word jangjavi (Template:Langx),<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> or a portmanteau of three words: Template:Lang (jan) from English "gun"; jinn; and ʾajāwīd.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The word "Janjaweed" was used by François Tombalbaye, the Christian President of Chad, to marginalize his Muslim political opponents.<ref>Abusharaf, 74.</ref>

History

In Darfur, a western state in Sudan, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi supported the creation of the Tajammu al-Arabi (Arab Gathering) militia, which was described by Gérard Prunier as "a militantly racist and pan-Arabist organization which stressed the 'Arab' character of the province".<ref name="prunier">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Arab Gathering shared members and a source of support with the Islamic Legion, and the distinction between the two is often ambiguous.Template:Citation needed

The nearly continuous cross-border raids contributed to a separate ethnic conflict within Darfur that killed about 9,000 people between 1985 and 1988.<ref name="prunier"/>Template:Rp The Janjaweed leadership has some background in Gaddafi's mercenary forces.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Janjaweed first appeared in 1988 after Chadian president Hissène Habré, backed by France and the United States, defeated the Libyan army. Gaddafi's Chadian protégé, Acheikh Ibn-Oumar, retreated with his partisan forces to Darfur, where they were hosted by Sheikh Musa Hilal, the newly elevated chief of the Rizeigat Arab tribes of north Darfur.Template:Citation needed Hilal's tribesmen had earlier smuggled Libyan weapons to Ibn-Oumar's forces.Template:Citation needed A French-Chadian incursion destroyed Ibn-Oumar's camp, but his weapons remained with his Mahamid hosts.Template:Citation needed

Throughout the 1990s, the Janjaweed were Arab partisans who pursued a local agenda of controlling land, and were tolerated by the Sudan Government. The majority of Darfur's Arabs, the Baggara, became involved in the war over grazing territory.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed In 1999–2000, faced with threats of insurgency in Western and Northern Darfur, Khartoum's security armed the Janjaweed forces.Template:Citation needed

As the insurgency escalated in February 2003, spearheaded by the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement, the Sudanese government responded by using the Janjaweed as its main counter-insurgency force. Janjaweed forces were ordered to attack and recover the rebel-held areas of Darfur, conducting a campaign against rebels in Darfur. In 2004, the U.S. State Department and others named leading Janjaweed commanders, including Musa Hilal-Sneed, as genocide suspects. By early 2006, many Janjaweed had been absorbed into the Sudan Armed Forces including the Popular Defense Forces and Border Guards. Meanwhile, the Janjaweed expanded to include some Arab tribes in eastern Darfur who were not historically associated with the original Janjaweed. A political base was also reestablished in Chad as part of the United Front for Democratic Change (FUC) coalition.<ref name="sudanesearmed">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

By October 2007, only the United States government had declared the Janjaweed killings in Darfur to be genocide, since they had killed an estimated 200,000–400,000 civilians over the previous three years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The UN Security Council called for the Janjaweed to be disarmed.Template:Citation needed On 14 July 2008, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court filed genocide charges against Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of masterminding attempts to wipe out African tribes in Darfur with a campaign of murder, rape and deportation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2013, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) were formed from the Janjaweed to fight against rebel groups in Darfur, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile.<ref name="AJE_who_RSF_Hemeti"/>

• Janjaweed in marketplaces and within walking distance of refugee camps.
  Janjaweed in marketplaces and within walking distance of refugee camps.
• Armed Janjaweed walk through the marketplace in Geneina
  Armed Janjaweed walk through the marketplace in Geneina

Civil war

In 2023, international diplomats insisted that the RSF merge into the Sudanese Army as part of the Sudanese transition to democracy.<ref name="clashes-abc-news">Template:Cite news</ref> By April 2023, power struggles developed between Sudan's de facto national leader, army commander Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the leader of the RSF, Hemedti. On 15 April 2023, clashes between RSF and army forces erupted across the country.<ref name="clashes-abc-news"/><ref name="fighting-france24">Template:Cite news</ref>

By the second day of the conflict, 78 people had been reported killed. Among the dead were three World Food Programme (WFP) workers, triggering the organization to suspend its work in Sudan, where it had been a principal force in alleviating hunger. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres demanded immediate justice for the killings and called for an end to the conflict.<ref name="clashes-abc-news"/><ref name="fighting-france24"/>Template:Update inline

Diplomats from the African Union and Saudi Arabia mediated a three-hour humanitarian ceasefire to permit the evacuation of the injured. Despite this, the battles continued, as both sides claimed to have seized control of key sites in and around the capital city.<ref name="clashes-abc-news"/><ref name="fighting-france24"/>Template:Update inline

External links

• "Darfur Documents Confirm Government Policy of Militia Support", Human Rights Watch 20 July 2004
• "Painful legacy of Darfur's horrors: Children born of rape" by Lydia Polgreen, International Herald Tribune, 12 February 2005
• "Who Are the Janjaweed? A guide to the Sudanese militiamen" by Brendan I. Koerner, Slate, 19 July 2005
• Template:Cite web Template:Small by Alex de Waal, SSRC and GEI, Harvard, undated