Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;

| above = {{#if:|

{{{honorific-prefix}}}

}}

{{#if:|{{{name}}}|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

{{#if:|

{{{honorific-suffix}}}

}}

| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;

| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|

}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:|

}}}}}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982).jpg|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} = Pérez de Cuéllar in 1982

| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}

| data1 = {{#if:| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}Template:Infobox officeholder/office{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}

| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar GuerraTemplate:Birth dateLima, PeruTemplate:Death date and ageLima, PeruUnion for Peru (from 1994)Template:Plainlist2 (by Roberts-Darricau)Pontifical Catholic University of PeruTemplate:Hlist|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =

| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br 

  |1={{#if:Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar Guerra|Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar Guerra}}
  |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}}

|3={{#if:Lima, Peru|

Lima, Peru

}}

}}

| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br 

 |1={{#invoke:person date|death}}

|2={{#if:Lima, Peru|

Lima, Peru

}}

}}

| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short 

   | Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death

| data7 = {{#if:||}}

| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br||}}

| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =

| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#if:|{{#if:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Lima, Peru}}|{{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}| {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Country2nationality||{{#invoke:find country|main|string={{#invoke:delink|delink|Lima, Peru}}}}|nocat=true}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}}} = | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Lima, Peru}}|England|British}} = | #default = {{{nationality}}}}}|{{{nationality}}}}}|}} | label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch:Union for Peru (from 1994) | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = Union for Peru (from 1994) }}

| label12 = Other political
affiliations | data12 =

| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}

| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Template:Plainlist|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 = Template:Plainlist

| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =

| label16 = Relations | data16 =

| label17 = Children | data17 = 2 (by Roberts-Darricau)

| label18 = Parent{{#if:|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:|{{{parents}}}|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}

| label19 = Relatives | data19 =

| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and ageLima, Peru||label}} | data20 =

| label21 = Education | data21 =

| label22 = Alma mater | data22 = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru

| label23 = Occupation | data23 = Template:Hlist

| label24 = Profession | data24 =

| label25 = Known for | data25 =

| label26 = Salary | data26 =

| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =

| label28 = Committees | data28 =

| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =

| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 =

| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =

| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =

| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =

| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =

| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =

| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (firma).jpg|}}

| label37 = Website | data37 =

| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =

| header39 = {{#if:|Military service}}

| label40 = Allegiance | data40 =

| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 =

| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 =

| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 =

| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 =

| label45 = Commands | data45 =

| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}} | data46 =

| label47 = {{#if:|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =

| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =

| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =

| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =

| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =

| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =

| data53 = | data54 = | data55 = | data56 = | data57 = | data58 = | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid right;

| below =

{{#if:| As of {{{date}}}{{#if:|, {{{year}}}}}}}

{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}

}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar GuerraTemplate:Family name footnote (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 19 January 1920 – 4 March 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat and politician who served as the fifth secretary-general of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991. He later served as prime minister of Peru from 2000 to 2001.

His two terms as secretary-general coincided with the final decade of the Cold War, and he engaged in efforts to address the Iran–Iraq War, the Western Sahara conflict, the Cyprus problem, Namibian independence under the Tripartite Accord, the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Gulf War, and the opening of the Croatian War of Independence.

Pérez de Cuéllar was a member of the Club of Madrid, a group of former heads of state and government,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Inter-American Dialogue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Biography

Early years

Pérez de Cuéllar was born on 19 January 1920 in Lima, Peru,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to a rentier family of Spanish descent with ancestry from Cuéllar.<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His father, whose ancestors had migrated from Spain in the 16th century, died when he was 4.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> He attended Colegio San Agustín, learned French from a governess and earned a law degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in 1943.

Diplomatic career

Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 first as an intern, the diplomatic service itself in 1944, serving after that as a 3rd Secretary at Peru's embassy in France,<ref name=un>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where he met and married his first wife, Yvette Roberts-Darricau (1922–2013), in 1947.<ref name=thetimes>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also held posts in Britain, Bolivia and Brazil,<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/> and later served as ambassador to Switzerland from 1964 to 1966, the Soviet Union and Poland from 1969 to 1971, and Venezuela from 1977 to 1979.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From his first marriage, he had a son, Francisco, and a daughter, Águeda Cristina.<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/>

He was a member of the Peruvian delegation to the first session of the United Nations General Assembly, which convened in London in 1946,<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/> and of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly.<ref name=un/> In 1971, he was appointed permanent representative of Peru to the UN and led his country's delegation in the Assembly until 1975.<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/>

In 1973 and 1974, he represented Peru in the UN Security Council, serving as its president at the time of the Cypriot coup d'état in July 1974.<ref name=un/> On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in CyprusTemplate:Spaced ndasha post he held until December 1977, when he rejoined Peru's foreign service.<ref name=un/> Also in 1975, Pérez de Cuéllar divorced his first wife and married Marcela Temple Seminario (1933–2013),<ref name=thetimes/><ref name=legacy>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with whom he had no children.<ref name=rte>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 27 February 1979, he was appointed UN under-secretary-general for Special Political Affairs. From April 1981, he also acted as the Secretary-General's personal representative on the situation in Afghanistan; he visited Pakistan and Afghanistan in April and August of that year to continue negotiations initiated by the Secretary-General some months earlier.<ref name=un/>

United Nations Secretary-General

Template:Expand section

Pérez de Cuéllar and Iranian president Ali Khamenei in Tehran, 1987

In December 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar was selected to succeed Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General of the United Nations;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> he was unanimously re-elected for a second term in October 1986.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During his two terms as Secretary-General of the United Nations, Pérez de Cuéllar mediated between the United Kingdom and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War<ref name=legacy/> and promoted the Contadora group’s efforts to bring peace and stability to Central America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1983, he initiated the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) to promote sustainable development.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He intervened in the negotiations for Namibia's independence,<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/> addressed the conflict in Western Sahara,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and engaged in efforts to resolve the war between Croatian forces and the Yugoslav People's Army along with local Serb forces,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as the Cyprus dispute.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 1986, Pérez de Cuéllar formally accused Iraq of using chemical weapons against Iran during the Iran–Iraq War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later that year, he presided over international arbitration in the Rainbow Warrior incident between New Zealand and France.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the build-up to the Gulf War, he facilitated negotiations that led US president George H. W. Bush to send Secretary of State James Baker to meet Iraqi deputy prime minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He played a role in ending the Cambodian Civil War, Salvadoran Civil War, and Nicaraguan Revolution, as well as negotiating the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" />

Shortly before the end of his second term, he rejected an unofficial request by members of the Security Council to reconsider his earlier decision not to run for a third term, shortened to two years, as a search for his successor had not, as of then, yielded a consensus candidate.Template:Cn A suitable candidate, Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt, was agreed upon in November 1991,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Pérez de Cuéllar's second term as secretary-general concluded, as scheduled, on 31 December 1991.<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/>

Later life and death

Template:Expand section

Pérez de Cuéllar in 2008

Pérez de Cuéllar ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for president of Peru in 1995; following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges, he served as prime minister and foreign minister<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/> from November 2000 until July 2001.<ref name=20200305theguardian-javier>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Alejandro Toledo's election as president in 2001,<ref name=rte/> he went to Paris as Peru's ambassador to France, retiring in 2004.<ref name=20200305theguardian-javier/>

In 1997, Pérez de Cuéllar published his memoir Template:Citeref in which he recounted his years at the UN.<ref name=20200304nytimes-obituaries/> He served as Permanent Delegate of Peru to UNESCO until 2004.

Pérez de Cuéllar celebrated his 100th birthday in January 2020 and received congratulations from the United Nations on his 100 years of life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was the first UN secretary-general to become a centenarian.

Pérez de Cuéllar died at his home in Lima on 4 March 2020 two months after he turned 100.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="20200304nytimes-obituaries" />

Honours and awards

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> issued by Italian research institute Archivio Disarmo

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He received several honorary degrees from universities, such as the following: Template:Columns-list

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project 

 | name/{{#if:{{#invoke:ustring|match|1=0701874|2=^nm}}
   | Template:Trim/
   | nm0701874/
   }}
 | {{#if: {{#property:P345}}
   | name/Template:First word/
   | find?q=%7B%7B%23if%3A+%0A++++++%7C+%7B%7B%7Bname%7D%7D%7D%0A++++++%7C+%5B%5B%3ATemplate%3APAGENAMEBASE%5D%5D%0A++++++%7D%7D&s=nm
   }}
 }}{{#if: 0701874  {{#property:P345}} | {{#switch: 
 | award | awards = awards Awards for | biography | bio = bio Biography for
 }}}} {{#if: 
 | {{{name}}}
 | Template:PAGENAMEBASE
 }}] at IMDb{{#if: 0701874{{#property:P345}}
 | Template:EditAtWikidata
 | Template:Main other

}}{{#switch:{{#invoke:string2|matchAny|^nm.........|^nm.......|nm|.........|source=0701874|plain=false}} 

 | 1 | 3 =  Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning
 | 4 = Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:IMDb name with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | id | name | section }}

Template:S-start Template:S-dip Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-off Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end

Template:LN and UN Secretaries-General Template:Prime Ministers of Peru Template:Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar&oldid=208735"