John Bagot Glubb
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Sir John Bagot Glubb Template:Post-nominals (16 April 1897 – 17 March 1986), also known as Glubb Pasha (Template:Langx) and Abu Hunaik (by the Jordanians), was a British military officer who led and trained Transjordan's Arab Legion between 1939 and 1956 as its commanding general. He served in World War I, the Ikhwan revolt, World War II and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.<ref>Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East, p7.</ref>
Early life and start of military service
Glubb was born in Preston, Lancashire, and educated at Cheltenham College. Glubb's father was Major-General Sir Frederic Manley Glubb, of Lancashire, who had been chief engineer in the British Second Army during the First World War. His mother was Letitia Bagot from County Roscommon. He was a brother of the racing driver Gwenda Hawkes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Glubb gained a commission in the Royal Engineers in 1915. On the Western Front of World War I, he suffered a shattered jaw. In later years, this would lead to his Arab nickname of Abu Hunaik, meaning "the father of the little jaw".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1920, he was transferred to Iraq, which Britain had started governing under a League of Nations Mandate following the war. In 1922, he was posted to Ramadi "to maintain a rickety floating bridge over the river Euphrates, carried on boats made of reeds daubed with bitumen", as he later put it.<ref name="Glubb1983">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Arab Legion
He became an officer of the Arab Legion, subsequently known as the Jordanian Armed Forces, in 1930. In 1931, he formed the Desert Patrol – a force consisting exclusively of Bedouin – to curb the raiding problem that plagued the southern part of Jordan. Within a few years he had persuaded the Bedouin to abandon their habit of raiding neighbouring tribes. He also took part in suppressing the Ikhwan revolt.Template:Cn
In 1939, Glubb succeeded Frederick G. Peake as the commander of the Arab Legion. During this period, he transformed the Legion into the best-trained force in the Arab world. During World War II he led attacks on Axis-aligned Arab forces in Iraq, and on Vichy forces in Lebanon and Syria.<ref name=EotO>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
In 1938, Glubb married Muriel Rosemary Forbes, the daughter of physician James Graham Forbes. The couple had a son, Godfrey Peter Manley (known as Faris Glubb), named after the Crusader King Godfrey of Bouillon, born in Jerusalem in 1939. Another son was born in May 1940 but lived only a few days. In 1944, they adopted Naomi, a Bedouin girl who was then three months old. In 1948, they adopted two Palestinian refugee children called Atalla, renamed John and Mary.Template:Cn
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Arab Legion was considered the strongest Arab army involved in the war.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In May 1948, Glubb led the Arab Legion across the River Jordan to occupy the West Bank. Despite some negotiation and understanding between the Jewish Agency and King Abdullah, severe fighting took place in Kfar Etzion (May 1948), Jerusalem and Latrun (May–July 1948). According to Avi Shlaim, Template:Quote
Glubb remained in charge of the defence of the West Bank following the armistice in March 1949. In 1952, differences emerged between Glubb and the newly acceded King Hussein I, especially over defence arrangements, the promotion of Arab officers and the funding of the Legion. Arab nationalists believed that Glubb's first loyalty was to the United Kingdom and that he had attempted to pressure Hussein into joining the Baghdad Pact.<ref name=EotO/>
Hussein, wanting to distance himself from the British and to disprove the contention that Glubb was the actual ruler of Jordan, dismissed Glubb and several other British senior officers from the Arab Legion on 1 March 1956.<ref name="Smith2013">Template:Cite book</ref> Despite his decommission, which was forced upon him by public opinion, Glubb remained a close friend of the King.
Later life
He spent the remainder of his life writing books and articles, mostly on the Middle East and on his experiences with the Arabs.
He served on the Board of Governors of Monkton Combe School from 1956 to 1966.<ref>A Delightful Inheritance by P LeRoy, Monkton Print, 2018</ref>
Glubb died in 1986 at his home in Mayfield, East Sussex. King Hussein gave the eulogy at the service of thanksgiving for Glubb's life, held in Westminster Abbey on 17 April 1986.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A stained glass window in his local church, St Dunstan's Church, Mayfield, celebrates his life and legacy.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
His widow died in 2006, whereupon his papers were deposited with the Middle East Centre Archive at St Antony's College, Oxford.<ref>"The Glubb Pasha papers: a precarious existence", 4 April 2017</ref>
Honours
Glubb was appointed OBE in 1925; CMG in 1946; and KCB in 1956.
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Autobiography
Reception
Glubb's autobiographical story A Soldier with the Arabs was reviewed in The Atlantic Monthly, April 1958;<ref>The Atlantic Monthly, April 1958. pp 87–95</ref> The National Review, May 1958;<ref>The National Review, May 1958. p 430</ref> The Saturday Review, February 1958;<ref name=Saturday>"Generation of Service." The Saturday Review, February 1958. pp17-18</ref> The Reporter, April 1958;<ref name=Reporter>"Glubb Pasha's Rear-Guard Action". The Reporter, April 1958. p 39</ref> The New Yorker, October 1958;<ref>"Pasha's Testament". The New Yorker, October 1958. pp 182–189</ref> and Foreign Affairs, April 1958.<ref>"The Middle East". Foreign Affairs, April 1958. p 528</ref>
Writing in The Reporter, Ray Alan commented that the book was more than just an apologia; while it provided "no serious political analysis or social observation", it did offer interesting insights into the period, even if Glubb was out of touch with later trends in Middle Eastern politics. What Alan found more surprising was that Glubb also had hardly anything new to say about the 1948 Palestine war "in which he had star billing," instead lapsing into self-justifying propaganda. Alan ends his review with a long quotation from T. E. Lawrence, in which he reflects on what role a foreigner may play, and prays to God that "men will not, for love of the glamour of strangeness, go out to prostitute themselves and their talents in serving another race", but will let them "take what action or reaction they please from [his] silent example".<ref name=Reporter/>
Writing in the Saturday Review, Carl Hermann Voss commented that Glubb served with and for the Arabs for 36 years, 17 of them for King Abdullah of Jordan. The portrait photograph is captioned "Glubb Pasha—'I ... failed hopelessly.'" Voss calls the book well written no matter how subjective.
Legacy
In his 1993 poetry collection, Out of Danger, James Fenton mentions Glubb Pasha in "Here Come the Drum Majorettes!": <poem> There's a Gleb on a steppe in a dacha. There's a Glob on a dig on the slack side. There's a Glubb in the sand (he's a pasha).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref></poem>
Writings
The source for the following bibliography is Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2005. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005, except *.
- (With Henry Field) The Yezidis, Sulubba, and Other Tribes of Iraq and Adjacent Regions, G. Banta, 1943.
- Template:Cite book, Hodder & Stoughton, 1948, Da Capo Press, 1976.
- Template:Cite book, Hodder & Stoughton, 1957.
- Britain and the Arabs: A Study of Fifty Years, 1908 to 1958, Hodder & Stoughton, 1959.
- War in the Desert: An R.A.F. Frontier Campaign, Hodder & Stoughton, 1960, Norton, 1961.
- The Great Arab Conquests, Hodder & Stoughton, 1963, Prentice-Hall, 1964. (vol. 1; 630-680)
- The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder & Stoughton, 1963, Prentice-Hall, 1964. (vol. 2; 680-860)
- The Course of Empire: The Arabs and Their Successors, Hodder & Stoughton, 1965, Prentice-Hall, 1966. (vol. 3; 860 onwards)
- The Lost Centuries: From the Muslim Empires to the Renaissance of Europe, Hodder & Stoughton, 1966, Prentice-Hall, 1967. (vol. 4; 1145–1453)
- Syria, Lebanon and Jordan, Walker & Co., 1967.
- The Middle East Crisis: A Personal Interpretation, Hodder & Stoughton, 1967.
- A Short History of the Arab Peoples, Stein & Day, 1969.
- The Life and Times of Muhammad, Stein & Day, 1970.
- Template:Cite book, Hodder & Stoughton, 1971 (unavailable on line 8 Aug. 2021).
- Soldiers of Fortune: The Story of the Mamlukes, Stein & Day, 1973.
- The Way of Love: Lessons from a Long Life, Hodder & Stoughton, 1974.
- Haroon Al Rasheed and the Great Abbasids, Hodder & Stoughton, 1976.
- Into Battle: A Soldier's Diary of the Great War, Cassell, 1977.
- Template:Cite book, Blackwood (Edinburgh), 1978.
- Arabian Adventures: Ten Years of Joyful Service, Cassell (London), 1978.
- The Changing Scenes of Life: An Autobiography, Quartet Books (London), 1983.
See also
References
Further reading
- Alon, Yoav. "British Colonialism and Orientalism in Arabia: Glubb Pasha in Transjordan, 1930-1946." British Scholar 3.1 (2010): 105–126.
- Bradshaw, Tancred. The Glubb Reports: Glubb Pasha and Britain's Empire Project in the Middle East 1920-1956 (Springer, 2016).
- Hughes, Matthew. "The Conduct of Operations: Glubb Pasha, the Arab Legion, and the First Arab–Israeli War, 1948–49." War in History 26.4 (2019): 539–562. online
- Jevon, Graham. Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East (2017).
- Jevon, Graham. Jordan, "Palestine and the British World System, 1945-57: Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion" (PhD. Diss. Oxford University, 2014) online.
- Lunt, James, "Glubb, Sir John Bagot (1897–1986)", rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, Template:ISBN
- Lunt, James D. Glubb Pasha, a Biography: Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, Commander of the Arab Legion, 1939-1956 (Harvill Press, 1984).
- Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair, Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East, W.W. Norton, 2008, Template:ISBN pp 259–92.
- Morris, Benny, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews, Template:ISBN
- Royle, Trevor. Glubb Pasha: The Life and Times of Sir John Bagot Glubb, Commander of the Arab Legion (Little, Brown, 1991).
- Shlaim, A. (2001). "Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948" in E. L. Rogan, A. Shlaim, C. Tripp, J. A. Clancy-Smith, I. Gershoni, R. Owen, Y. Sayigh & J. E. Tucker (Eds.), The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (pp. 79–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN
External links
- Template:Internet Archive author
- 1956 – King of Jordan sacks British general (BBC article and video)
- Review: The Road to Jerusalem by Benny Morris, The Guardian
- Template:UK National Archives ID
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- THE FATE OF EMPIRES and SEARCH FOR SURVIVAL, by Sir John Glubb (Archive)
- Imperial War Museum Interview
- Obituary in New York Times
Photos
- Pages with broken file links
- 1897 births
- 1986 deaths
- British anti-Zionists
- British generals
- British Army personnel of World War I
- British Army personnel of World War II
- People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
- Jordanian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
- 20th-century British writers
- Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
- Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
- Jordanian generals
- Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
- Officers of the Order of the British Empire
- People educated at Cheltenham College
- British orientalists
- British Anglicans
- Pashas
- Writers from Preston, Lancashire
- Royal Engineers officers
- British colonial army officers
- Governors of Monkton Combe School
- People from Mayfield, East Sussex
- Military personnel from Preston, Lancashire
- History of Ramadi