John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
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John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, 3rd Earl of Somerset (25 March 1404 – 27 May 1444) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. He was a paternal first cousin of King Henry V and the maternal grandfather of Henry VII.
Origins
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Born on 25 March 1404, he was the second son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the eldest of the four legitimised children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, by his mistress Katherine Swynford. John of Gaunt was the third surviving son of King Edward III. His mother was Margaret Holland, a daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, the son of Joan "the Fair Maid of Kent", a granddaughter of King Edward I and wife of Edward the Black Prince (eldest brother of John of Gaunt) and mother of King Richard II.
Career
In 1418 he became 3rd Earl of Somerset, having succeeded his elder brother Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (1401–1418), who died unmarried, aged 17, whilst fighting for the Lancastrian cause at the Siege of Rouen in France, under the command of their uncle Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (1377–1426).
French campaign and imprisonment
He fought in the 1419 French campaigns of his cousin King Henry V. In 1421 he accompanied his step-father Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence (the king's younger brother) on a campaign in Anjou, France. Thomas was killed at the Battle of Baugé (22 March 1421), while Somerset and his younger brother were captured and imprisoned for 17 years. On 25 March 1425 he came into his majority, but his paternal estates had to be managed by his mother for the next thirteen years of his imprisonment. He remained imprisoned until 1438 and having been ransomed, became one of the leading English commanders in France.Template:Sfn
He was appointed Admiral of the Sea to the army commander John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury,Template:Sfn who from August 1440 besieged Harfleur, which had been in French hands for five months. King Charles VII of France sent a large army under Richemont to break the siege. The English dug a double ditch rampart with only 1,000 men, while Somerset's squadron prevented a French landing by sea, using archers to pick off the enemy at short range. Having been thus frustrated, the French withdrew to Paris and the siege was lifted. The town surrendered to the English and was reoccupied.
The Duke of York was incensed that Somerset’s uncle Cardinal Henry Beaufort had advised the king to sue for peace. Somerset also advised King Henry that peace was humanitarian and that the king of France was determined to seize Pontoise.Template:Sfn By the time York arrived at the Normandy campaign in 1441, Somerset had resigned. The fall of Pontoise to Charles, Duke of Orléans in September 1441 weakened English garrisons, and in Gascony the situation was even worse.Template:Sfn The Beauforts sent Sir Edward Hull, who arrived at Bordeaux on 22 October 1442, to inform York that a huge army would arrive, commanded by Somerset. York was ordered to fortify Rouen. Just as the king and Dauphin of France were threatening Bordeaux and Aquitaine and seized the town of Dax, Somerset dithered. York was held back as Guyenne was being lost.Template:Citation needed
Created Duke of Somerset
In 1443 John was created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal, and was made a Knight of the Garter. Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the regent for the young King Henry VI, was unable to control the administration of justice and finance, which led to widespread lawlessness. Gloucester declined the office of Lieutenant-Governor, which Somerset then accepted and drew from it a salary of 600 pounds. When the Duke of Gloucester's wife Eleanor was charged with treason, Somerset took the opportunity in April 1443 to declare himself Lieutenant of Aquitaine and Captain-General of Guyenne. He proved a poor commander and presided over a period during which England lost much territory in France. Meanwhile York, fighting alongside the tactician Lord Talbot, had been appointed Lieutenant for all France. By then the negotiations Somerset had started as Captain-General of Calais had failed. These factors turned York against the Beauforts. But the last straw was the payment of £25,000 to Somerset, while York remained heavily in debt. Furthermore, Guyenne was consuming precious resources otherwise destined for Normandy.Template:Sfn
Death and burial
In August 1443, Somerset led 7,000 men to Cherbourg and marched south to Gascony. The duke was ill. He blundered into Guerche, a Breton town with which England had signed a peace treaty. But Somerset set all prisoners free, accepting money from the Duke of Brittany. Marching aimlessly through Maine, he returned that winter to England.Template:Sfn He died in 1444,Template:Sfn possibly by suicide. That, and the death of his uncle the Cardinal, marked the end of Beaufort influence and left the door open for William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, to dominate the government.Template:Sfn The lasting effect of these events was burning resentment between the House of York and the remaining members of the Beaufort family.
Marriage and issue
In 1439 he married Margaret Beauchamp, a daughter of Sir John Beauchamp, de jure 3rd Baron Beauchamp (d.1412/14) of Bletsoe in Bedfordshire, by his second wife Edith Stourton, a daughter of Sir John Stourton of Stourton, Wiltshire. By his wife he had an only daughter and sole heiress:
- Lady Margaret Beaufort (1443–1509), who married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (1430–1456) by whom she was the mother of King Henry VII, the first of the Tudor dynasty.
His illegitimate issue included:
- Tacine of Somerset, who, being foreign-born, was made a denizen of England 20 June 1443. She married (before 29 September 1447) Reynold (or Reginald) Grey, 7th Lord Grey of Wilton by whom she had one son:
- John Grey, 8th Lord Grey of Wilton;
- John of Somerset (Template:Circa–1453)
Succession
As he died without male issue his dukedom went extinct, and his earldom passed to his younger brother Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (1406–1455). As Edmund was later granted the title Duke of Somerset, he is often called 2nd Duke of Somerset although he did not inherit the title from his brother.
Titles and styles
- 1st Duke of Somerset (28 August 1443 – 27 May 1444)Template:Sfn
- 1st Earl of Kendal (28 August 1443 – 27 May 1444)Template:Sfn
- 3rd Earl of Somerset (25 November 1418 – 27 May 1444)Template:Sfn
Ancestry and family tree
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References
Notes
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Further reading
External links
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