John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll

Coat of arms of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, KG

Field Marshal John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, 1st Duke of Greenwich, Template:Post-nominals (10 October 1680 – 4 October 1743<ref name=abbey />), styled Lord Lorne from 1680 to 1703, was a British army officer and politician. He served on the continent in the Nine Years' War and fought at the Siege of Kaiserswerth during the War of the Spanish Succession. He then went on to serve as a brigade commander during the later battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, and was subsequently given command of all British forces in Spain at the instigation of the Harley Ministry.

After conducting a successful evacuation of the troops from Spain, he became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland. During the Jacobite Rebellion, he led the government army against the Jacobite forces led by the Earl of Mar at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. Afterwards he served as Lord Steward and then Master-General of the Ordnance under the Walpole–Townshend Ministry.

Early life

Born at Ham House, he was the son of Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll and Elizabeth Campbell (née Tollemache, daughter of Sir Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Baronet). His mother was a stepdaughter of John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale, a dominant figure in Scotland during Charles II's reign. Five years after his birth, Campbell's grandfather Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll led Argyll's Rising against the rule of James II of England and VII of Scotland for which he was executed in Edinburgh in June 1685. Campbell was privately tutored first by Walter Campbell of Dunloskin, then by John Anderson of Dumbarton and, finally, by Alexander Cunningham.<ref name=odnb>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>

Early military career

Campbell was commissioned, after his father had given William III some encouragement, as colonel of Lord Lorne's Regiment of Foot, a regiment entirely raised by the Argyll family, on 7 April 1694.<ref name=odnb/> He served briefly on the European continent in the Nine Years' War before the regiment was disbanded in 1698.<ref name=heath71>Heathcote, p. 71</ref> He also served under the Duke of Marlborough at the Siege of Kaiserswerth<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in April 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession.<ref name=heath71/> He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Thistle later that year.<ref name=odnb/>

Campbell succeeded his father as Duke of Argyll and Chief of Clan Campbell in 1703, and also became colonel of the 4th Troop of Horse Guards and a privy councillor.<ref name=heath71/>Template:Sfn For the help he gave the Queen persuading the Parliament of Scotland to support the Act of Union, he was created Earl of Greenwich and Baron Chatham in 1705.<ref name=heath72>Heathcote, p. 72</ref> He then returned to the continent and, having been promoted to major-general early in 1706, served as a brigade commander under Marlborough at the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706 and at the Siege of Ostend in June 1706.<ref name=heath72/> After being appointed colonel of Prince George of Denmark's Regiment in 1707, he went on to command a brigade at the Battle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and at the Siege of Lille in the Autumn of 1708.<ref name=heath72/> Promoted to lieutenant general in April 1709, he also took part in the Siege of Tournai in June 1709 and the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709.<ref name=heath72/>

Appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter in December 1710, Campbell was promoted to full general and given command of all British forces in Spain at the instigation of the Harley Ministry in January 1711.<ref name=heath72/> He replaced James Stanhope who had been forced to surrender at Brihuega the previous December. The Harley government was negotiating an agreement with France which would see Britain recognise Philip V of Spain, in exchange for being allowed to retain Gibraltar and Minorca.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After conducting a successful evacuation of the troops from Spain he became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1712.<ref name=heath72/> By 1713, however, Campbell had become critical of the ministry, and he joined the Whig opposition in making speeches against the government's policy on the Malt Tax.<ref name=heath72/> In July 1714, during Queen Anne's last illness, Campbell gave his full support to the Hanoverian succession.<ref name=heath72/> He was rewarded with the colonelcy of the Royal Horse Guards in June 1715.<ref name=heath72/>

Jacobite uprising

Statue of John Campbell, Duke of Argyll, Scottish National Portrait Gallery

During the Jacobite Rebellion, Campbell led the government army against the Jacobites led by the Earl of Mar at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in November 1715.<ref name=heath72/> The battle was indecisive but favoured the government strategically. He led the advance against the Jacobite capital of Perth, capturing it in December with little bloodshed, but was then replaced as commander by William Cadogan.<ref>Template:DNB</ref>

Later career

Campbell arrived back in London early in March 1716, and at first stood high in the king's favour, but in a few months was stripped of his offices. This, however, did not deter him from the discharge of his parliamentary duties; he supported the bill for the impeachment of Bishop Atterbury, and lent his aid to his countrymen by opposing the bill for punishing the city of Edinburgh for the Porteous Riots. At the beginning of the year 1719 he was again admitted into favour, and in April was created Duke of Greenwich.<ref name=heath72/>Template:Sfn

He went on to become Lord Steward of the Household in 1721 and then Master-General of the Ordnance in June 1725<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> under the Walpole–Townshend Ministry. He also became colonel of the Queen's Regiment of Horse in August 1726<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and, having been appointed Governor of Portsmouth in November 1730,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he was restored to the colonelcy of the Royal Horse Guards in August 1733.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

In the 1720s he commissioned the architect James Gibbs to design a Palladian house at Sudbrook Park close to his birthplace at Ham House.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Promoted to field marshal on 31 January 1735,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Campbell was stripped of his post as Master-General of the Ordnance and the colonelcy of the Royal Horse Guards for opposing the Government of Robert Walpole in 1740.<ref name=heath73>Heathcote, p. 73</ref> However he was restored to his post as Master-General of the Ordnance in February 1741<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and restored to his colonelcy a few days later.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> However, disapproving the measures of the new administration, and apparently disappointed at not being given the command of the army, he shortly resigned all his posts, and spent the rest of his life in privacy and retirement.Template:Sfn

The Battle of Sheriffmuir where Campbell led the government army

Campbell died at Sudbrook Park, Petersham on 4 October 1743 and was buried in Westminster Abbey; his grave is marked by a small lozenge stone to the north east of Henry VII's tomb. A large monument, designed by the French sculptor, Louis-François Roubiliac, was erected for him in the south transept and unveiled in 1749.<ref name=abbey>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Argyll Street in London's West End is named after him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Family

Hugh Warburton's sister Jane Campbell, Duchess of Argyll by Joseph Wigmore, 1743

Campbell married first, Mary Brown, daughter of John Brown and Ursula Duncombe, in 1701: they separated soon after the marriage and she died in 1717 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.<ref name=abbey/> He married in 1717 secondly, Jane Warburton, daughter of Thomas Warburton and Anne Williams, sister of Hugh Warburton and maid of honour to Queen Anne; Jane died in 1767 and was buried with him in Westminster Abbey.<ref>Stanley, A.P., Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 231.</ref> He had four daughters who reached maturity: Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich, Lady Elizabeth Campbell, Lady Anne Campbell and Lady Mary Coke.<ref>Mosley, p. 607</ref>

In popular culture

Campbell is played by James Robertson Justice in the 1953 film Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/{{#if:

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Sources

• Hugill, J.A.C. No Peace Without Spain. Kensal Press, 1991.
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External links

• Template:UK National Archives ID

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