John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Other people|otherPeople}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox military person General John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun (5 May 1705 – 27 April 1782) was a British Army officer who served as Commander-in-Chief, North America from 1756 to 1757.

Early life and career

Born in Scotland two years before the creation of Great Britain in which his father, Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun, was a significant figure, Campbell inherited his father's estates and peerages in 1731 and became Lord Loudoun.

He raised a Highland regiment of infantry, Loudon's Highlanders, which took part in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 on the side of the Hanoverian government. The regiment consisted of twelve companies, with Loudoun as colonel and John Campbell (later 5th Duke of Argyll) as lieutenant-colonel. The regiment served in several different parts of Scotland. Three of the twelve companies, raised in the south, were captured at the Battle of Prestonpans.

Eight companies, under the personal command of Lord Loudoun, were stationed in Inverness. Loudoun set out in February 1746 with that portion of his regiment and several of the Independent Companies in an attempt to capture the Jacobite pretender, Charles Edward Stuart. The expedition was met by a ruse de guerre by only four Jacobites, which suggested a large force was protecting Stuart, and it returned without engagement.

That was later publicised as the Rout of Moy. Loudoun then fell back to join the Duke of Cumberland's army up and gave up the town of Inverness to the rebels. After the Battle of Culloden, Loudoun led his mixed force of regulars, militia and Highlanders in mopping-up operations against the remaining rebels.

Seven Years' War

Loudon by Allan Ramsay in 1747, in his Highland regiment uniform (though the red kilt is his own)

North America

In 1756, Loudoun was sent to North America as Commander-in-Chief and Governor General of Virginia, where he was unpopular with many of the colonial leaders. When he learned that some merchants were still trading with the French while he was trying to fight a war against them, he temporarily closed all American ports. Despite his unpopularity the County of Loudoun, formed from Fairfax in 1757, was named in his honour.<ref name="Loudoun_History">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As Commander-in-Chief during the Seven Years' War, called the French and Indian War in the Thirteen Colonies, he planned an expedition to seize Louisbourg from the French in 1757 but he called it off when intelligence, possibly including a French deception, indicated that the French forces there were too strong for him to defeat. While Loudoun was thus engaged in Canada, French forces captured Fort William Henry from the British, and he was replaced by James Abercrombie and returned to London. Francis Parkman, a 19th-century historian of the Seven Years' War, rates Loudun's martial conduct of the affair poorly.

Many historians debate whether he played a fundamental part in the Seven Years' War. Arguably, he was an influential figure as he embarked on reforms for the army such as replacing the ordinary musket with the flintlock musket for greater accuracy. He made improvements by embarking on a road improvement programme and recognised the need to supply the army as he replaced the traditional supply line with army wagons. His focus was centralising the system of supplies and had built storehouses in Halifax and Albany and recognised the importance of waterways as a means of transport. Most notably, he integrated regular troops with local militias, and the irregulars were to fight a different kind of war from the linear European style of warfare in which the British had previously been trained.Template:Cn

Benjamin Franklin's anecdotes of Lord Loudon

Benjamin Franklin provides several first-hand anecdotes of Loudon's North American days in his Autobiography, none of which is complimentary.<ref>Franklin, Benjamin (first published 1791). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Chapter XIX. Online version: [1]</ref> The following are excerpts:

Portugal

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1762, he was sent to Portugal to counter the Spanish invasion of Portugal as second in command, and he became overall commander in 1763. Despite being unable to prevent the loss of Almeida, the British forces soon launched a counter-attack that drove the invaders back across the border.

Later life

Back in Scotland, Loudon in 1763 was made Governor of Edinburgh Castle,<ref>Gray, W. Forbes (1948). A Short History of Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh: Moray Press. p. 75</ref> a post that he held for the rest of his life.

In 1770, he was promoted to full general.<ref name=haydn318>Haydn's Book of Dignities (1851) p. 318.</ref>

Loudoun's interest in horticulture led to his estate being renowned for its landscaping. He collected willow species in particular from around the globe.

On 23 January 1773, the town of Loudon, New Hampshire, was incorporated and named in his honor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Loudonville, New York, was also named after him as well as the unincorporated town of Loudon, Massachusetts, which was renamed to Otis upon its incorporation.

Campbell remained a bachelor and on his death in 1782 was succeeded as earl by his cousin, James Mure-Campbell.

See also

• Loudoun
• Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)
• Loudonville, New York
• Loudon, New Hampshire
• Loudoun County, Virginia

External links

• John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun at wetpaint.com