John III, Duke of Cleves
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John III, Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark (German: Johann III der Friedfertige; 10 November 1490 – 6 February 1539), known as John the Peaceful, was the Lord of Ravensberg, Count of Mark, and founder of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.
Life
John was born on 10 November 1490, as the son of John II, Duke of Cleves, and Mathilde of Hesse.Template:Sfn In 1510, at the age of 19, John married Duchess Maria of Jülich-Berg,Template:Sfn daughter of Duke William IV of Jülich-Berg and Sibylle of Brandenburg, who became heiress to her father's estates Jülich, Berg and Ravensberg.Template:Sfn
John became ruler of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in 1521,Template:Sfn and Lord of Ravensberg in 1528. John represented a compensatory attitude, which strove for a Template:Lang between the two confessions during the Protestant Reformation.Template:Sfn In fact, the real influence at the court of Cleves was Erasmus.Template:Sfn Many of his men were friends and followers of the Dutch scholar and theologian. In 1532 John wrote up a list of church regulations (Kirchenordnung), which expressed numerous ideas of Erasmus.Template:Sfn
John had an instinct for balance as was shown when he married his eldest daughter Sybille to the elector of Saxony, John Frederick. John Frederick would go on to later head the Schmalkaldic League. In many ways, John of Cleves' court was ideal for raising a queen. It was fundamentally liberal, but serious-minded, theologically inclined, and profoundly Erasmian. It was from this court that his daughter Anne would be raised. Anne became the fourth wife of King Henry VIII of England.Template:Sfn
Family
John and his wife Duchess Maria of Jülich-Berg had the following children:
- Sibylle of Cleves (17 January 1512 – 21 February 1554); married Elector John Frederick of Saxony,Template:Sfn head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany, "Champion of the Reformation". Had issue.
- Anne (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557); who was briefly married to King Henry VIII of England, as his fourth wife.Template:Sfn No issue. The marriage was annulled on 12 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine.
- William (28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592); married Archduchess Maria, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I,Template:Sfn and had issue.
- Amalia (17 October 1517 – 1 March 1586); became Princess of the House of La Marck.
John also had with an unknown woman;
Elisabeth of Cleves (b.?- 15 July 1554) Married Gottfried von Bemmel, bailiff of Kervendonk and had issue.
Daughter (?- ? ) Became a nun.
Ancestry
References
Sources
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