John Templeton

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Sir John Marks Templeton (29 November 1912 – 8 July 2008)<ref name=NYTobit>Template:Cite news</ref> was an American-born British investor, banker, fund manager, and philanthropist. In 1954, he entered the mutual fund market and created the Templeton Growth Fund,<ref name="templeton.org">Template:Cite web</ref> which averaged growth over 15% per year for 38 years.<ref name=Greene1999>William Greene (1999). The Secrets Of Sir John Templeton (January 1, 1999). CNN Money, accessed 29 August 2020</ref> A pioneer of emerging market investing in the 1960s,<ref name=Templeton&Phillips2008/> Money magazine named him "arguably the greatest global stock picker of the century" in 1999.<ref name="templeton.org"/>

Early life and education

John Marks Templeton was born in the town of Winchester, Tennessee, and attended Yale University, where he was an assistant business manager for campus humor magazine Yale Record and was selected for membership in the Elihu society.<ref>Herrmann, Robert L. (1998). Sir John Templeton: From Wall Street to Humility Theology. Radnor, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press. p. 112.</ref> He financed his tuition<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with a scholarship, odd jobs and winnings from playing poker, a game at which he excelled.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He graduated in 1934 near the top of his class. He attended Balliol College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar and earned an M.A. in law. He was a CFA charterholder<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was a student of the "father of value investing", Benjamin Graham.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Investment career

In 1939, Templeton, during the Depression of the 1930s, had his broker purchase 100 shares of each NYSE-listed company which was then selling for less than $1 a share (Template:Inflation) (104 companies, 37 in bankruptcy, in 1939), later making many times the money back when US industry picked up as a result of World War II.<ref>John Templeton Foundation. "Sir John Templeton, Pioneer Investor and Philanthropist" Template:Webarchive, Templeton.org; accessed August 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Templeton, he called his broker the day World War II began and instructed him to make the purchases. This strategy helped make him a wealthy man.

Templeton became a billionaire<ref> Multiple sources:

In 2006 he was listed in a seven-way tie for 129th place on The Sunday TimesTemplate:'s "Rich List".

Investment philosophy

Money magazine in 1999 called him "arguably the greatest global stock picker of the century".<ref>"Templeton Saw It Coming", forbes.com, 7 July 2008.</ref> Templeton attributed much of his success to his ability to maintain an elevated mood, avoid anxiety and stay disciplined.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He rejected technical analysis for stock trading, preferring instead to use fundamental analysis.<ref name="thestreet" /> Thus he did not attempt to predict future stock movements, but paid close attention to valuation.<ref name=DavisNairn2012/> From the late 1930s Templeton and his colleagues developed sophisticated quantitative finance methods that anticipated by decades common features such as the Shiller P/E, rebalancing and Tobin's q.<ref name=DavisNairn2012>Johnathan Davis and Alasdair Nairn (2012). Templeton's Way With Money: Strategies and Philosophy of a Legendary Investor. Wiley, ISBN 1118149610</ref>

Despite the name of his flagship fund, Templeton Growth Fund, he was more a practitioner of value investing rather than growth investing.<ref name=Templeton&Phillips2008>Lauren Templeton and Scott Phillips (2008). Investing the Templeton Way: The Market-Beating Strategies of Value Investing's Legendary Bargain Hunter. McGraw Hill Education</ref> However, his stock-selection strategies could be eclectic and often defied easy categorization other than avoiding stocks he considered expensive, defined as an estimated five-year forward price to earnings ratio higher than about 12-14.<ref name=DavisNairn2012/> Templeton focused on buying stocks he calculated were substantially undervalued, holding them until selling when their price rose to fair market value. His average holding period was about four years. He believed holding assets priced above fair market value in hopes they would further increase in price was speculation, not investing. However, Templeton did not buy stocks merely because they were undervalued but also took care investing in companies he determined were profitable, well-managed and with good long-term potential.

By emphasizing overlooked or unpopular stocks Templeton was in many ways a contrarian and became known for his "avoiding the herd" and "buy when there's blood in the streets" philosophy to take advantage of market turmoil.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also was known for taking profits when values and expectations were high.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His time at Oxford started an interest in global investing, which was uncommon in the United States but more popular in the UK due to the widespread British Empire. Templeton was one of the earliest American investors to devote substantial focus to investment opportunities in then-overlooked foreign markets such as Asia and Eastern Europe.<ref name=Greene1999/> He was such an early investor in Japan during the 1950s that he had difficulty finding bi-lingual stockbrokers in either Japan or the United States to handle his firm's trades. Always on the lookout for bargain-priced stocks and hoping to avoid expensive stocks, he rotated out of Japanese stocks as they became more fashionable in the 1970s and turned to US stocks when they were at historic lows.<ref name=Templeton&Phillips2008/> Templeton's flagship fund outperformed a global stock index by an average of three percent a year for his entire career, and by over six percent a year for the period after his relocation to the Bahamas.<ref name=DavisNairn2012/> Typical of value-oriented investors, Templeton often had disappointing results during bull markets due to his avoidance of hot stocks of the moment. His outperformance typically came during crashes and bear markets when his fund suffered smaller losses than average, or had modest gains relative to the broad market.<ref name=DavisNairn2012/>

In 2005, he wrote a brief memorandum predicting that within five years there would be financial chaos in the world, anticipating a collapse of the housing market and decline in yields on government-issued bonds to near zero. Templeton also predicted within the next few decades a major decrease in traditional schooling due to internet-based learning options. Initially privately circulated to family and a small number of Franklin-Templeton management, the memo was eventually made public in 2010.<ref>Janet Tavakoli (05/22/2010, updated 05/25/2011). Sir John Templeton: Financial Chaos and Investing. Huffington Post, accessed 29 August 2020</ref>

Templeton was a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charter-holder. He received AIMR's first award for professional excellence in 1991.<ref>aimr_timeline_2000 Template:Webarchive</ref>

Personal life

Templeton married Judith Folk in 1937, and the couple had three children: John, Anne, and Christopher. Judith Templeton died in February 1951 in a motorbike accident. He remarried, to Irene Reynolds Butler in 1958; she died in 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A Christian, he was a lifelong member of the Presbyterian Church. He served as an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Englewood (Englewood, New Jersey). He was a trustee on the board of Princeton Theological Seminary, the largest Presbyterian seminary, for 42 years and served as its chair for 12 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1964, Templeton renounced his US citizenship, which some sources claim was a strategy to minimize taxes (the United States taxes citizens globally regardless of residency).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Bauman">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>"The Long Good-Bye", Forbes.com, 28 March 2005.</ref> However, in a 1997 interview with Charlie Rose, Templeton asserted the Bahamas had a higher tax rate than the United States and denied he renounced his citizenship to avoid paying taxes to the United States, stating he intended to live out his life in the Bahamas and felt obligated.<ref>John Templeton: Wednesday 05/14/1997, CharlieRose.com, accessed 08 October 2022. Tax comments begin at 14:59, according to the transcript.</ref> He held dual naturalised Bahamian and British citizenship and lived in the Bahamas full-time from 1968.<ref name="Bloomberg">Template:Cite news</ref> His neighbors included Joe Lewis, Sean Connery, Arthur Hailey, and Fahad Al Sabah.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Uninterested in consumerism, Templeton lived relatively frugally and never flew first-class. A friend jokingly described Templeton as Calvinist in his approach to wealth: "He believes it's okay to make money so long as you don't enjoy it."<ref name="Greene1999" />

On 8 July 2008, Templeton died at Doctors Hospital in Nassau, Bahamas, of pneumonia at 12:20. He was 95,<ref name="NYTobit" /> and was survived by two of his three children, Christopher and John Templeton Jr. His daughter, Anne Dudley Templeton Zimmerman, predeceased him in 2004, dying during heart surgery.

Wealth and philanthropy

Templeton was one of the most generous philanthropists in history, giving away over $1 billion to charitable causes.<ref name="businessweek.com">The 50 Most Generous Philanthropists Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, John Templeton</ref>

In 2007, Templeton was named to the Time 100 list as one of the world's 100 Most Influential People by Time under the category of "Power Givers". Time cited his "pursuit of spiritual understanding, often through scientific research" through his establishment of the John Templeton Foundation.<ref>Caplan, Jeremy, and Coco Masters. "Time 100." Time 14 May 2007: 84.</ref>

As a philanthropist, Templeton established:

Templeton College is closely associated with Oxford's Saïd Business School. In 2007, Templeton College transferred its executive education program to Saïd Business School. In 2008, Templeton College merged with Green College to form Green Templeton College.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is one of the exceptional mergers in recent history of the University of Oxford.

He was created a Knight Bachelor in 1987 for his philanthropic efforts. Templeton was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1996, and in 2003 awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership.

Templeton Religion Trust

Templeton Religion Trust (TRT) is a global charitable trust chartered by Sir John Templeton in 1984, with headquarters in Nassau, The Bahamas, where Sir John lived until his death in 2008. TRT has been active since 2012 and supports projects and the dissemination of results from projects seeking to enrich the conversation about religion via three broad initiatives:

  • Improving the methods of inquiry into the existence and nature of spiritual realities.
  • Bringing about and enhancing the “conditions of possibility” of cooperative, constructive engagement (aka “Covenantal Pluralism”) in the context of religion.
  • Establishing the fact and improving our understanding of the underlying dynamics of the often overlooked or unforeseen benefits of religious faith and practice at its best.

TRT's aim is to improve the well-being of individuals and societies through spiritual growth and an ever-improving understanding of spiritual realities and spiritual information.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

TRT is the first of three charitable entities established by Sir John Templeton. The other entities are the John Templeton Foundation and the Templeton World Charity Foundation. While all three organizations have similar aims, they operate as separate charitable entities.

John Templeton Foundation

Template:MainAs a member of the Presbyterian Church, Templeton was dedicated to his faith. However, Templeton eschewed dogma and declared relatively little was known about the divine through scripture, espousing what he called a "humble approach" to theology and remaining open to the benefits and values of other faiths.<ref>"Sir John Templeton Biography" Template:Webarchive The John Templeton Foundation. Accessed May 2012</ref> Commenting on his commitment to what he called spiritual progress, "But why shouldn't I try to learn more? Why shouldn't I go to Hindu services? Why shouldn't I go to Muslim services? If you are not egotistical, you will welcome the opportunity to learn more."<ref name="Bloomberg" /> Similarly, one of the major goals of the John Templeton Foundation is to proliferate the monetary support of spiritual discoveries. The John Templeton Foundation encourages research into "big questions" by awarding philanthropic aid to institutions and people who pursue the answers to such questions through "explorations into the laws of nature and the universe, to questions on the nature of love, gratitude, forgiveness, and creativity."<ref>"About Us." Template:Webarchive The John Templeton Foundation. 5 January 2007. 17 May 2007</ref>

In an interview published in the Financial Intelligence Report in 2005, Templeton asserts that the purpose of the John Templeton Foundation is as follows: "We are trying to persuade people that no human has yet grasped 1% of what can be known about spiritual realities. So we are encouraging people to start using the same methods of science that have been so productive in other areas, in order to discover spiritual realities."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2004, Templeton donated an additional $550 million to the foundation.

Publications and works

  • The humble approach: Scientists discover God, 1981. Template:ISBN
  • Templeton Plan: 21 Steps to Personal Success and Real Happiness, 1992. Template:ISBN
  • Discovering the Laws of Life, 1994. Template:ISBN
  • Is God the Only Reality? Science Points to a Deeper Meaning of the Universe, 1994. Template:ISBN
  • Golden Nuggets from Sir John Templeton, 1997. Template:ISBN
  • Worldwide Laws of Life: 200 Eternal Spiritual Principles, 1998. Template:ISBN.
  • Riches for the Mind and Spirit: John Marks Templeton's Treasury of Words to Help, Inspire, and Live By, 2006. Template:ISBN
  • Investing the Templeton Way: The Market-Beating Strategies of Value Investing's Legendary Bargain Hunter, 2007. Template:ISBN
  • Buying at the Point of Maximum Pessimism: Six Value Investing Trends from China to Oil to Agriculture, 2010. Template:ISBN

See also

References

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