John Williams (Tennessee politician)

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Williams later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.<ref name=rothrock /> Adams appointed him chargé d'affaires to the Federal Republic of Central America in 1825.<ref name=rothrock />

Early life

Williams was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and Rebekah Lanier Williams.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Two of Williams' brothers, Lewis Williams and Robert Williams, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century.<ref name=bio /> Another brother, Thomas Lanier Williams, was a prominent Tennessee judge.<ref name=rothrock /> Williams was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke Williams .<ref name=bio>William's Congressional Biography. Retrieved: September 13, 2011.</ref>

Williams studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800.<ref name=heiskell /> Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803.<ref name=rothrock /> Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White.<ref name=rothrock />

In 1807, Williams was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year.<ref name=rothrock /> In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp In a letter published in a local newspaper, Williams blasted Roane as too selfish and too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge.<ref name=maiden>Leota Driver Maiden, "Colonel John Williams," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol. 30 (1958), pp. 7–46.</ref>Template:Rp

Military activities (1812–1815)

Raiding Seminole Villages

In December 1812, John Williams assembled 240 Tennessee mounted volunteers with 220 Georgia troops led by Rifleman Colonel Thomas Adams Smith to conduct a raid on the Seminoles who were reported to be allegedly planning attacks on Americans as allies of the British and Spanish. The combined American militia force marched on Payne's Town on February 8, 1813. The Americans engaged the Seminole warriors for several hours before driving them off. The Americans set their base of operations. The Americans conducted raids on nearby villages destroying homes and crops. The Americans killed 20 Seminole warriors, burned 386 houses, destroyed 2,000 bushels of corn, and destroyed 2,000 deerskins. The Americans took 300 horses, 400 head of cattle, and 9 Seminoles/Africans as prisoners. John Williams and Thomas Adams Smith with their combined raiding force then withdrew back to friendly lines on February 24, 1813.<ref>"In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles" by Sean O'Brien Page.34.</ref><ref name=maiden />Template:Rp<ref>Tom Kanon, Regimental Histories of Tennessee Units During the War of 1812 Template:Webarchive, Tennessee State Library and Archives website, November 20, 2007</ref><ref name=maiden />Template:Rp"<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

Recruiting Troops for the Creek War

In June 1813, Williams was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Within a few weeks, Williams had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, Williams and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the Red Sticks in Alabama.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, Williams and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of Williams and several other officers of the 39th.<ref name=maiden /> Soldiers who fought under Williams at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston.<ref name=heiskell />

Handling Weapons Logistics in Washington, D.C.

Following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Williams went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Throughout 1814, Williams and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that Williams give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and Williams arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned Williams' loyalty, and Williams questioned Jackson's authority.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

United States Senate

In 1815, Williams was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation of George W. Campbell).<ref name=rothrock /> In 1817, Williams was reelected to a full six-year term. Williams voted in favor of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816,<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp opposed the Bonus Bill of 1817,<ref name=folmsbee /> and voted for the Missouri Compromise of 1820.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp He was also chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and oversaw a reduction of the armed forces.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

In 1819, following Jackson's invasion of Florida (then part of Spain), another dispute erupted between Williams and Jackson. Jackson accused Williams of spreading a rumor that Jackson had launched the invasion to protect personal land investments in the Pensacola area, and argued that Williams was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp In 1821, Williams was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

In 1823, Williams made it clear that he was going to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek Williams' removal from the Senate.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat Williams, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for Williams' seat.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Though Williams had the support of the influential Knoxville Register<ref name=folmsbee>Stanley Folmsbee, Sectionalism and Internal Improvements in Tennessee, 1796–1845 (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1939), pp. 41–2, 57n.</ref> and rising politician Davy Crockett,<ref>John Finger, Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2001), p. 270.</ref> he lost to Jackson by a margin of 35 votes to 25 at a contentious meeting of the state legislature on October 1, 1823.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

Later life

After losing his U.S. Senate seat, Williams ran for Knox County's state senate seat in 1825, but lost to James Anderson by a vote of 982 to 931.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp President John Quincy Adams pondered appointing Williams Secretary of War, but was dissuaded by Henry Clay, who thought the appointment should go to someone from New York.<ref name=heiskell /> Adams eventually appointed Williams chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation, and Williams thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp

In 1827, Williams again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including Williams' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to Williams as a "mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him"),<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Williams won the election, 1,585 to 1,216.<ref name=maiden /> During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp He retired from the state senate in 1829.<ref name=rothrock /> Williams thought that the plan for Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia was a disgrace and wrote, "If our land should be visited with War, Pestilence & Famine it will be nothing more than a just dispensation of Providence for our national crimes," and suggested "that another treaty be made and that an additional sum be paid to the Cherokees, the money to be invested half in the Georgia railroad and half in the Charleston. Such procedure, he believed, would pacify them, and they would then go west in good humor."<ref name="maiden" />

Williams spent his later years practicing law and advocating railroad construction.<ref name=rothrock /> He rejected several invitations to run for Congress, stating he had no desire to go to Washington and serve at the "bow of the emperor," in reference to then-President Jackson.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Williams died on August 10, 1837, and was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Knoxville.<ref name=bio/>

Family and legacy

Map of "Williamsburg"

In 1816, Williams made plans to develop a subdivision, "Williamsburg," on what was then the outskirts of Knoxville (now part of the Downtown area). This subdivision was bounded by what is now Henley Street (which at the time was the city's western boundary), Main Street, the riverfront, and Second Creek.<ref name=heiskell>Samuel G. Heiskell, Andrew Jackson and Early Tennessee History (Nashville: Ambrose Printing Company, 1918), pp. 62, 355–368.</ref> The area is now occupied by Maplehurst Park and the Church Street Methodist Church.

In 1826, while Williams was in Guatemala, his wife oversaw the construction of a new family home in East Knoxville, now known as the Colonel John Williams House.<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp The house is still standing, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Williams' son, Joseph Lanier Williams, served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1837 to 1843).<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp Another son, John Williams II, was a prominent pro-Union leader during the Civil War, and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee.<ref>Robert McKenzie, Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 191.</ref> John Williams was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson,<ref name=maiden />Template:Rp and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, Tennessee Williams.<ref>"Ask Doc Knox," A Rare Antebellum Manse on Riverside Drive, Metro Pulse, April 12, 2010. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015.</ref>

Fort Williams, a supply depot built prior to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was named for Williams.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

References

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