Johnson Wax Headquarters
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox NRHP The Johnson Wax Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of the household goods company S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine, Wisconsin, United States. The original headquarters includes two buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright: the Administration Building, completed in April 1939, and the Research Tower, completed in November 1950. The headquarters also includes the Golden Rondelle Theater, relocated from the 1964 New York World's Fair, in addition to Fortaleza Hall and the Commons, a memorial to Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. Both of the original buildings were widely discussed on their completion, and they have been depicted in several exhibits and media works. In addition, the original headquarters received the American Institute of Architects' Twenty-five Year Award and has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.
S. C. Johnson's chief executive, Herbert Fisk "Hibbert" Johnson Jr., hired Wright to design the Administration Building in 1936 after rejecting an earlier plan by J. Mandor Matson. Construction began that September, though work progressed slowly due to Wright's attention to detail and use of novel construction methods. The Administration Building was well-received upon its opening, undergoing minor modifications over the years. S. C. Johnson rehired Wright in 1945 to design the Research Tower, construction of which began in late 1947. After the Research Tower opened, S. C. Johnson used the structure for research and development (R&D). The Golden Rondelle Theater opened in 1967 as a visitor center for the headquarters. The Research Tower was closed in 1982 due to safety concerns. The Fortaleza Hall was finished in 2010, and the Research Tower partially opened for tours in 2014.
The Johnson Administration Building is designed in a variation of the streamlined Art Moderne style, with a curved brick facade and Pyrex glass-tube windows. The Administration Building's primary interior space is a great workroom with concrete shell columns topped by large "calyxes". The Administration Building also includes offices on a mezzanine and penthouse, in addition to an overpass connecting with a carport; these spaces contain furniture designed by Wright. The Research Tower, a 15-story structure with a brick facade and Pyrex-tube windows, is next to the Administration Building and is surrounded by a courtyard. The tower has alternating square floors and circular mezzanines, cantilevered outward from the structural core.
Site
The Johnson Wax Headquarters is located at 1525 Howe Street in Racine, Wisconsin, United States.<ref name="Wright Sites">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Tafel l822">Template:Cite book</ref> The original headquarters comprises two structures, the Administration Building and Research Tower. These occupy a city block bounded by 16th Street to the south, Howe Street to the west, 15th Street to the north, and Franklin Street to the east.<ref name="NPS p. 4">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Administration Building occupies a square site measuring Template:Convert on each side.<ref name="McCarter p. 283">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Research Tower is immediately to the north of the Administration Building, connected to it by a footbridge.<ref name="Wright Sites" /> The two original buildings are among five that the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed around Racine, the others being Wingspread, the Keland House, and the Hardy House.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Related structures
Just north of the original Johnson Wax Headquarters campus is the Golden Rondelle Theater,<ref name="Huhti b560">Template:Cite book</ref> near the intersection of 14th and Franklin streets.<ref name="n161769646">Template:Cite news</ref> Designed by Lippincott & Margulies as a 1964 New York World's Fair pavilion,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> the theater has a saucer-shaped, gold-colored roof supported by six concrete columns.<ref name="n161769646" /> The Golden Rondelle Theater was moved to the Johnson Wax Headquarters after the fair closed.<ref name="Roberts 2024 a585">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The modern theater has 308 seats<ref name="n161769646" /> and functions as a visitor center for the Johnson Wax Headquarters.<ref name="Roberts 2024 a585" /><ref name="n161828643">Template:Cite news</ref> Flanking the theater are two brick structures with glass-tube windows, designed by Taliesin Associated Architects; one is a lobby and display area, while the other structure is an exit.<ref name="n161767345">Template:Cite news</ref>
Immediately to the east of the Golden Rondelle Theater, and northeast of the original headquarters, is Fortaleza Hall, which opened in 2010 and was designed by Foster + Partners.<ref name="Gerfen s921">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Kamin i408">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The structure was built as a memorial to Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. the president of the household goods company S. C. Johnson. Its name refers to Samuel Johnson's 1998 trip to Fortaleza, Brazil, which replicated a journey that his father Herbert Fisk "Hibbert" Johnson Jr. had made in 1935.<ref name="Gerfen s921" /><ref name="n161893857">Template:Cite news</ref> Fortaleza Hall consists of a Template:Convert spherical atrium with a disc-shaped roof.<ref name="Kamin i408" /> The facade is made of 85 glass panels measuring Template:Convert across.<ref name="n166465837">Template:Cite news</ref> Inside is a replica of the Sikorsky S-38 plane that Hibbert had flown, a cafeteria, a waterfall, a precast concrete wall with forest motifs, a green wall, and a reading room.<ref name="Kamin i408" /><ref name="n166465837" /> There is also a gift shop.<ref name="Malooley n753">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Next to it is Waxbird Commons, an office building that opened in 2021;<ref name="BizTimes p959">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> named after S. C. Johnson's Waxbird airplane, it includes green energy features such as a solar roof and geothermal heating.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The campus also includes a plastic globe, the first version of which was built in 1954.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n161741216">Template:Cite news</ref> The globe contained plastic markers denoting the locations of S. C. Johnson's offices and distributors around the world. According to the Racine Journal Times, the globe was the largest of its kind in the world when it was built, with a circumference of Template:Convert.<ref name="n161741216" /> The globe, designed by Rand McNally and built by the Steiner Plastics Company, was tilted at a 23.5-degree angle and is illuminated by neon tubes. The outer portion of the globe was supported by a steel frame measuring Template:Convert across.<ref name="n161741216" /> The current globe, installed in 1986, is similar in design to the original globe, rotating once every 24 minutes.<ref name="p2651422969">Template:Cite news</ref>
Development
S. C. Johnson & Son was founded in Racine, Wisconsin, in 1886 and expanded rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="n161499406">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 6">Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1936, some of the company's executives worked in a wooden house and a series of annexes next to the company's existing factory and warehouse. Hibbert Johnson initially wanted to expand the existing buildings before deciding on an entirely new campus.<ref name="Lipman p. 1">Template:Harvnb</ref> Samuel Johnson later reflected that his father "was tired of us being seen as a little old family enterprise in a little town in the Midwest".<ref name="n161878160">Template:Cite news</ref>
Original building
Design
Before starting his new building, Hibbert visited The Hershey Company's headquarters in Hershey, Pennsylvania, for inspiration.<ref name="Lipman p. 1" /> At the time, Hershey had just completed an air-conditioned office building, and S. C. Johnson's existing building lacked air conditioning, forcing the factory to close whenever temperatures exceeded Template:Convert.<ref name="Hertzberg s153">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Upon his return to Racine, Hibbert hired J. Mandor Matson to design an office building near S. C. Johnson's existing headquarters.<ref name="Lipman p. 1" /><ref name="Hertzberg s153" /> S. C. Johnson bought land immediately to the east of its existing headquarters and razed the houses there.<ref name="Lipman p. 1" /> Matson's first proposal from 1935 called for a T-shaped building, with the stem of the T running south toward 16th Street.<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /> The plans called for a Beaux-Arts structure with six niches depicting the history of S. C. Johnson's wax products.<ref name="Lipman p. 1" /><ref name="n161500693">Template:Cite news</ref> The initial drawings had few windows, if at all, and a revised blueprint from 1936 included windows.<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /> Hibbert was unimpressed with the plans, as was S. C. Johnson's general manager Jack Ramsey, who said Matson's plan "isn't good enough, it's just another building".<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /><ref name="Lipman p. 3">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ramsey and S. C. Johnson's advertising manager, William Connolly, were also unable to suggest suitable revisions.<ref name="Lipman p. 3" />
Hibbert and Ramsey decided to expand their search for an architect. Hibbert gave Matson's drawings to his brother-in-law Jack Louis, an executive at the public-relations firm that handled advertisements for S. C. Johnson.<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /><ref name="Lipman p. 3" /> Louis's colleagues Melvin Brorby and E. Willis Jones, who also disliked the design, recommended another architect,<ref name="Lipman p. 3" /> who in turn recommended that Hibbert and Ramsey reach out to Frank Lloyd Wright.<ref name="Lipman p. 3" /><ref name="FZ p. 297">Template:Harvnb</ref> Jones visited Wright's Taliesin studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin, twice in July 1936 to discuss the proposed building,<ref name="Lipman p. 9">Template:Harvnb</ref> whereupon Wright characterized Matson's design as a crematorium.<ref name="n161874440">Template:Cite news</ref> That month, Hibbert went to Taliesin to talk with the architect.<ref name="Lipman p. 13">Template:Harvnb</ref> Despite their personal disagreements,<ref name="FZ p. 297" /><ref name="Lipman p. 13" /><ref name="McCarter p. 277">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hibbert asked Wright to design a headquarters for S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine,<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /><ref name="Lipman p. 12">Template:Harvnb</ref> The architect offered to design a building costing $200,000 (much less than what Matson was asking),<ref name="Lipman p. 13" /> and he charged a commission equivalent to 10% of the construction cost.<ref name="Lipman p. 76">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Wright promised that "the Johnson Administration Building is not going to be what you expect",<ref name="Lipman p. 13" /> and he sought to design a structure that would stimulate workers, rather than being merely satisfying.<ref name="p515285988" /><ref name="n161878896">Template:Cite news</ref> Wright replaced Matson as the architect in late July 1936, less than a month before construction was supposed to begin;<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /><ref name="Lipman p. 13" /> it was the first major commission given to Wright's Taliesin Fellowship.<ref name="FZ p. 298">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hibbert's daughter Karen reported being elated that her father had decided to hire Wright.<ref name="Lipman p. 14">Template:Harvnb</ref> Shortly afterward, Wright visited the site that S. C. Johnson had acquired in Racine. At the time, the site had a series of wood-frame houses, a few small stores, and a cinema.<ref name="Lipman p. 14" /> The site of the new headquarters had been cleared by late August 1936.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wright's plans for the Johnson Administration Building were based on his earlier, unbuilt design for the Capital Journal offices in Salem, Oregon,<ref name="Lipman p. 9" /><ref name="n161874440" /><ref name="McCarter pp. 277–278">Template:Harvnb</ref> which included a series of mushroom–shaped columns and translucent walls.<ref name="McCarter pp. 277–278" /><ref name="Lipman p. 10">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Wright tried to convince the company to relocate to the Racine suburbs,<ref name="Lipman pp. 14–15" /> as he wanted to incorporate his proposals for Broadacre City into the S. C. Johnson complex.<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /><ref name="n161874440" /><ref name="McCarter p. 278">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ramsey and Connolly were vehemently against the idea, but Wright continued to promote it until his wife Olgivanna warned that S. C. Johnson might fire him, too.<ref name="Lipman pp. 14–15">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="McCarter p. 278" /> Instead, Wright's team drew up plans at Taliesin for an Administration Building in Racine.<ref name="n161572566">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 17">Template:Harvnb</ref> Two of Wright's apprentices, John Howe and William Wesley Peters, recalled that Wright rushed to draw his ideas but that he also focused on perfecting the building's geometry, particularly the grids of columns.<ref name="Lipman p. 25">Template:Harvnb</ref> Wright allocated space to each of S. C. Johnson's departments based on what each department needed.<ref name="n161611195">Template:Cite news</ref> On August 9, 1936, ten days after he was hired, Wright went to Racine to show the plans to Hibbert and other S. C. Johnson officials.<ref name="Lipman p. 32">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hibbert requested two changes to the plans, although he retained Wright's draft plan for the most part.<ref name="Lipman p. 33">Template:Harvnb</ref> By the end of the month, Wright asked three apprentices to create a model of the building.<ref name="Lipman p. 37">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Initial work and delays
Hibbert Johnson suggested that his good friend Ben Wiltscheck be hired as the building's general contractor. Wright, who was typically adversarial toward contractors, saw Wiltscheck as "good help for us in getting this building properly built".<ref name="Lipman p. 32" /> By September 1936, preliminary work on the site had begun,<ref name="Lipman p. 39">Template:Harvnb</ref> and Peters and Mendel Glickman finalized the building's structural details.<ref name="Lipman p. 43">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161882288">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Storrer">Template:Cite Wright Companion</ref> Apprentices at Taliesin created 18 to 20 drawings, many of which depicted the building's great workroom, a relatively simple space.<ref name="Lipman p. 43" /> Wright continued to refine the drawings as construction proceeded.<ref name="n161876991">Template:Cite news</ref> Concurrently, Wright's apprentice Robert Mosher had been overseeing the construction of Fallingwater, Edgar J. Kaufmann's country estate in Pennsylvania, when Wright forced Mosher to return to Wisconsin after a dispute involving reinforcing steel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Toker p. 218">Template:Harvnb</ref> Mosher was instead appointed to oversee the construction of the S. C. Johnson Administration Building,<ref name="n161572566" /><ref name="Lipman p. 45">Template:Harvnb</ref> while another apprentice, Edgar Tafel, took Mosher's place in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Lipman p. 45" /><ref name="Toker p. 220">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Wiltscheck and Mosher worked out of a nearby shack.<ref name="Lipman p. 47" /> Wright visited a few times a month,<ref name="Lipman p. 47" /> sometimes bringing food and drinks for workers.<ref name="n161879865">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> The Wisconsin Industrial Commission refused to approve plans for various aspects of the building, citing building-code violations, but ultimately approved most of these plans with few changes.<ref name="Lipman p. 46" /> The commission withheld its approval of the building's columns;<ref name="Lipman p. 46">Template:Harvnb</ref> in particular, inspectors felt that the columns were too thin to support the Template:Convert loads that had been indicated in Glickman's drawings.<ref name="Wiseman pp. 177–179">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161589644">Template:Cite news</ref> In the meantime, work continued.<ref name="Lipman p. 46" /> To provide space for a car-wash area and a squash court, S. C. Johnson bought a plot north of the Administration Building that November.<ref name="Lipman p. 48">Template:Harvnb</ref> By the end of the year, the building's estimated cost had increased to $300,000.<ref name="Lipman p. 75">Template:Harvnb</ref> Wright, who had designed just two buildings in the previous half-decade,<ref name="n161874440" /><ref name="Toker p. 161">Template:Harvnb</ref> had severely underestimated the materials and labor expenses.<ref name="Lipman p. 75" />
Construction briefly stalled in late 1936 after Wright caught pneumonia, rendering him unable to answer contractors' questions. In addition, fourteen footings had to be rebuilt to accommodate the weight of a planned footbridge and squash court.<ref name="Lipman p. 47">Template:Harvnb</ref> Mosher returned to Pennsylvania in January 1937 to supervise Fallingwater, and Tafel was appointed as the Johnson Administration Building's supervisor.<ref name="Lipman p. 48" /><ref name="Toker p. 222">Template:Harvnb</ref> Tafel lived in a former bar across from the Administration Building's site, playing an organ as entertainment.<ref name="n161827990">Template:Cite news</ref> The same month, S. C. Johnson bought a parcel immediately northwest of the Administration Building, as Ramsey wanted to construct a truck-repair garage there.<ref name="Lipman p. 48" /> Wright agreed to expand the roof of the Administration Building's carport above this new garage.<ref name="Lipman p. 49">Template:Harvnb</ref> Not all of Wright's proposals for the building were implemented; for example, Hibbert rejected a proposed pipe organ in the great workroom.<ref name="n161874440" /><ref name="Lipman p. 37" />
Structural tests, delays, and completion
Comparatively little progress occurred in 1937, in part because of Wright's extreme attention to detail and in part because some of the construction methods he used were entirely brand-new.<ref name="n161612428">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 73">Template:Harvnb</ref> In several instances, Wright finalized plans for certain parts of the building as they were being constructed.<ref name="Lipman p. 73" /> Wright created detailed drawings for the columns in the great workroom in early 1937, only to redesign the columns when the drawings were nearly finished.<ref name="Lipman p. 59">Template:Harvnb</ref> He spent one year adjusting the details of glass tubes that were to be installed on the facade.<ref name="McCarter p. 287">Template:Harvnb</ref> Meanwhile, state officials refused to approve the columns because they were not of sufficient thickness.<ref name="Lipman p. 59" /> As such, Wright decided to build one prototype column and place progressively heavier loads onto it.<ref name="Lipman p. 59" /><ref name="McCarter p. 285">Template:Harvnb</ref> The concrete for the column was poured in late May,<ref name="McCarter p. 285" /><ref name="Lipman p. 62">Template:Harvnb</ref> and Wright began testing the column that June.<ref name="Lipman p. 62" /><ref name="n161589644" /> The column was able to withstand a load of Template:Convert before it showed any strain,<ref name="Wiseman pp. 177–179" /><ref name="n161587424">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n161572640">Template:Cite news</ref> at which point Wright ordered workers to pull down the column.<ref name="Wiseman pp. 177–179" /><ref name="Lipman p. 62" /> Afterward, state officials finally gave Wright permission to build the columns.<ref name="Lipman p. 62" /> Work on the Johnson Administration Building was accelerated, and laborers began laying masonry.<ref name="Lipman p. 73" />
Wiltscheck reported in June 1937 that the building was half-completed,<ref name="n161577697">Template:Cite news</ref> and by that August, some of the walls had been finished.<ref name="n161499057">Template:Cite news</ref> Work had to be halted in late October 1937 after Wright, with little warning, revised plans for the squash court and the cafeteria–theater space.<ref name="Lipman p. 75" /> The building's exterior was being completed by January 1938, but work on the interior finishes had not started because the HVAC systems had to be built first.<ref name="n161612428" /> The estimated cost had increased to $450,000 by then.<ref name="Lipman p. 75" /><ref name="n161612835">Template:Cite news</ref> During early 1938, Wright refined his plans for the interiors while at Taliesin West, his studio in Arizona.<ref name="Lipman p. 77">Template:Harvnb</ref> After Corning Glass began delivering Pyrex glass tubes for the building's facade,<ref name="Lipman p. 68">Template:Harvnb</ref> disagreements emerged over who should install the glass tubes.<ref name="n161658450">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> Progress was further delayed by labor strikes during early 1938; for example, laborers called a strike to demand higher wages,<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> and material deliveries were delayed when truckers went on strike.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although Wiltscheck and Wright's apprentices all raised concerns about the use of Pyrex tubes for the skylights, which they claimed would leak, Wright refused to consider alternative materials.<ref name="Lipman p. 77" /><ref name="FZ p. 327">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hibbert secretly ordered standard glass skylights anyway; Tafel told Wright about this change, and Hibbert fired Tafel in retaliation. Hibbert eventually agreed to rehire Tafel and use Pyrex skylights after Wright threatened to resign over this dispute.<ref name="FZ pp. 327–328">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The iron pipes in the floors were installed in April 1938, followed by the pouring of concrete floor slabs during June and July.<ref name="Lipman p. 77" /> Contractors used a "pumpcrete" machine to pour Template:Convert an hour.<ref name="n161679240">Template:Cite news</ref> Peters recalled that, just before the second floor was ready to be poured, he had to reinforce some of the first-floor columns after discovering that Wright had made a last-minute change to the placement of the second-floor columns.<ref name="FZ pp. 324–325">Template:Harvnb</ref> Olgivanna Wright recalled that her husband had become increasingly agitated because contractors and laborers requested constant clarifications on various aspects of the project.<ref name="Lipman p. 81">Template:Harvnb</ref> S. C. Johnson's board of directors, who were also displeased at the slow pace of construction, stopped paying Wright and Wiltscheck.<ref name="Lipman p. 82">Template:Harvnb</ref> Wright postponed a trip to England so he could oversee the building's construction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By that December, Wright was again ill with pneumonia, and the opening of the building had been postponed to early the next year.<ref name="Lipman p. 82" /> Workers began painting the columns and installing interior partitions in January 1939, and construction workers were invited to preview the building's interiors the next month.<ref name="Lipman p. 83">Template:Harvnb</ref> Having completed the Administration Building, Hibbert asked Wright to design the Wingspread mansion outside of Racine,<ref name="Lipman p. 45" /><ref name="n161762576">Template:Cite news</ref> which was also completed in 1939.<ref name="n161878160" />
Opening
S. C. Johnson employees began moving into the new offices at the end of March 1939.<ref name="n161498531">Template:Cite news</ref> The building had exceeded its original budget considerably;Template:Efn Fisk Johnson, one of S. C. Johnson's subsequent chief executives, estimated that the structure's cost was half of the company's entire net worth.<ref name="Sharoff">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Local Boy Scouts, Cub Scouts, and Sea Scouts members were invited to greet people for the building's official opening that April.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 93">Template:Harvnb</ref> Around 23,000<ref name="n161657062">Template:Cite news</ref> or 26,000 members of the public visited the building on April 23, 1939,<ref name="Lipman p. 93" /><ref name="n161744256" /> constituting more than a third of Racine's population at the time.<ref name="Lipman p. 93" /> Prince Frederik IX and Princess Ingrid of Denmark visited it on a private tour the next day.<ref name="n161657062" /><ref name="n161656350">Template:Cite news</ref> The Johnson Administration Building also attracted other visitors, including a wide variety of architects<ref name="n161663360">Template:Cite news</ref> and the animator Walt Disney (who was an acquaintance of Wright's).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The caulking between the Administration Building's Pyrex glass tubes began to peel off after it was completed, causing leaks,<ref name="Lipman p. 77" /><ref name="Wiseman p. 179">Template:Harvnb</ref> which continued for several years.<ref name="Wiseman p. 179" /><ref name="Lipman p. 169">Template:Harvnb</ref> Glass tubes sometimes fell from the ceiling as well, and because the great workroom's light bulbs were wedged between the glass tubes, workers needed to remove the tubes with a special scaffold every time they had to replace the light bulbs.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" /> Conversely, the Administration Building's structural system experienced no structural failures, except for the carport's roof, which was repaired in 1941 after it sagged.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" />
Research Tower expansion
Planning
By 1943, S. C. Johnson's research department had 25 workers, who were split across two buildings. That year, the research department's director J. Vernon Steinle submitted a memo to Hibbert in which he outlined what he wanted in a laboratory building. Hibbert, who liked the idea, forwarded Steinle's memo to Wright.<ref name="Lipman p. 121">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hibbert wanted to avoid experimental design details, a main source of delays in the Administration Building's construction.<ref name="Lipman p. 122" /> Sources disagree over whether Wright<ref name="n161763584">Template:Cite news</ref> or Hibbert had suggested developing a tower instead of a conventional low-rise building.<ref name="Lipman p. 122">Template:Harvnb</ref> Wright's initial plans for the research building called for a 18-story tower, with a hollow core in a fashion similar to Buckminster Fuller's 4D Apartment Tower and Dymaxion houses.<ref name="Lipman p. 127">Template:Harvnb</ref> The building would have two small elevators and two small stairs, later combined into one larger stair and elevator each.<ref name="Lipman p. 133" /> The cantilevered floor slabs in the plans had been influenced by his proposal for unbuilt apartment buildings at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City.<ref name="Lipman p. 127" /><ref name="McCarter pp. 196–197">Template:Harvnb</ref> Additionally, there were to be a courtyard around the tower, a two-story "U"-shaped building surrounding the courtyard, and footbridges connecting the Administration Building and the Research Tower.<ref name="Lipman p. 133">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Wright continued to fine-tune his design for the Research Tower during 1944, and he briefly considered constructing the tower to the west of the Administration Building, across Howe Street. By that September, Wright's plans called for a 16-story tower and two additional stories above the existing carport. Hibbert signed off on the revised plans in November 1944.<ref name="Lipman pp. 134–135">Template:Harvnb</ref> Steinle, who was tasked with determining how the equipment would be laid out, commissioned a scale model of the proposed tower.<ref name="Lipman p. 140">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ben Wiltscheck agreed to be rehired as the tower's general contractor.<ref name="Lipman p. 140" /><ref name="n161675973">Template:Cite news</ref> William Wesley Peters was responsible for the tower's structural calculations, a particularly difficult task for him, as no similar structure had been built before. Work on the plans was delayed in 1945, as Wright had not finalized his drawings, thus preventing Peters and the tower's mechanical engineer from preparing their respective drawings.<ref name="Lipman pp. 140–141">Template:Harvnb</ref> That August, Samuel Lewis was hired as the mechanical engineer. Some parts of the tower were redesigned after Lewis found that there was not enough space for utilities in some parts of the building.<ref name="Lipman p. 141">Template:Harvnb</ref>
S. C. Johnson announced in November 1945 that they had rehired Wright to design a 15-story laboratory tower next to the Administration Building.<ref name="n161666847">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n161666972">Template:Cite news</ref> Sketches of the laboratory tower were displayed in Milwaukee,<ref name="n161666972" /> and further details of the building were revealed in March 1946.<ref name="p1627381040">Template:Cite magazine; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 143">Template:Harvnb</ref> These plans called for a Template:Convert laboratory tower and several ancillary structures hosting various S. C. Johnson departments.<ref name="p1627381040" /> Meanwhile, Wright and S. C. Johnson negotiated the architect's fee and the cost of the building.<ref name="Lipman p. 142" /> Wright had estimated in 1944 that the building would cost $750,000,<ref name="Lipman p. 142" /> although official building permits from 1947 listed the tower's cost as $1.3 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> S. C. Johnson ultimately agreed in 1948 to pay Wright based on a cost estimate of $2 million, with the stipulation that Wright not receive further compensation if construction went over budget.<ref name="Lipman p. 143" />
Construction
Work on the Research Tower was delayed because the federal Civilian Production Administration, which reviewed industrial projects after World War II, would not approve the structure.<ref name="n161670287">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 145">Template:Harvnb</ref> S. C. Johnson received partial approval for the tower only after lobbying from U.S. Representative Lawrence H. Smith.<ref name="Lipman p. 145" /> At the end of August 1947, S. C. Johnson awarded the general contract to Wiltscheck & Nelson, a joint venture between Ben Wiltscheck and local firm Nelson Incorporated.<ref name="n161675973" /><ref name="Lipman p. 145" /> A groundbreaking ceremony was hosted for the Research Tower on November 6, 1947, just over two months later.<ref name="n161582686">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By January 1948, workers were nearly finished excavating the research tower's site and were pouring foundations for an extension to the carport.<ref name="Lipman p. 145" /> Laborers dug the foundation for the tower's core partially by hand,<ref name="Lipman p. 145" /> and a crane operator excavated other parts of the core's foundation with the help of a periscope and a mirror.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The foundation was poured that February; according to one magazine, the project involved the largest continuous concrete pour in Wisconsin at the time.<ref name="Lipman p. 146">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Laborers began pouring the floor slabs for the tower in mid-1948. Separate wooden formwork was built for the square main stories and the circular mezzanines; to create the hollow floor slabs, the concrete for each story was poured in two sections. The lowest story took seven weeks to pour, but workers became more efficient at pouring concrete as the structure ascended, eventually pouring one floor every three weeks.<ref name="Lipman p. 146" /> Two of the tower's floors had been completed by the end of 1948, a year after the groundbreaking ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Because laborers had difficulties using the pumpcrete machine, they instead used conventional mixers on the ground. Further delays were incurred because the concrete had to be poured with as few deformities or inaccuracies as possible.<ref name="Lipman p. 151">Template:Harvnb</ref> As such, concrete work did not reach the fifteenth floor until mid-1949;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the concrete frame topped out that October.<ref name="Lipman p. 151" />
The Research Tower was built without a fire sprinkler system, as Wright disliked the sprinklers' appearance,<ref name="Sharoff" /><ref name="Lipman p. 164" /> though S. C. Johnson's insurance company threatened not to insure the tower unless it had sprinklers.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /><ref name="n161887707">Template:Cite news</ref> Hibbert agreed to pay an increased insurance premium in exchange for not adding fire sprinklers.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /><ref name="Kamin q9852">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wright also thought up ways to prevent the Research Tower's Pyrex windows from leaking.<ref name="Lipman p. 152">Template:Harvnb</ref> As a temporary measure, wooden sheeting was placed around the building in late 1949 while the Pyrex tubes were being delivered.<ref name="Lipman p. 156">Template:Harvnb</ref> After the laboratory equipment was delivered in April 1950, workers installed the equipment and the glass at the same time.<ref name="Lipman p. 156" /> By October 1950, the tower was nearly complete, and S. C. Johnson was sending out invitations to the tower's opening ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tower was dedicated on November 17, 1950.<ref name="n161732778">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT 1950 n077" /><ref name="Lipman p. 159">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hundreds of guests, including scientists, educators, and industrialists, were invited to the ceremony,<ref name="Lipman p. 159" /><ref name="n161690863">Template:Cite news</ref> where Wright said that "the building speaks eloquently for itself".<ref name="n161732778" />
Post-completion
1950s to 1960s
After the Research Tower was opened, S. C. Johnson began using the structure for research and development (R&D).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The writer Jonathan Lipman reflected that the Research Tower's design had increased morale among chemists who shared space there.<ref name="Lipman p. 164">Template:Harvnb</ref> In the first decade of the tower's operations, scientists developed products such as furniture polish, insect repellent, air freshener, and insecticide.<ref name="AP l206">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Bernstein y6272">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1954, S. C. Johnson erected a large plastic globe outside the headquarters, serving as a corporate symbol.<ref name="n161741216" /> Meanwhile, thousands of people toured the Administration Building annually, particularly during the weekends; on some days, the building accommodated up to 300 visitors. Although many visitors came from the nearby cities of Chicago and Milwaukee, the buildings also attracted visitors from around the world, particularly members of women's groups and architecture fans. In addition, people visiting other manufacturing companies in the area often stopped by the Johnson Wax buildings, and politicians such as Wisconsin governor Walter J. Kohler Jr. and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren sometimes made visits.<ref name="n161744256">Template:Cite news</ref>
Steinle and another S. C. Johnson chemist, Edward Wilder, recalled that each pair of stories in the Research Tower was equivalent to five laboratories, but they also said that chemists often waited to chat with colleagues on different floors because they did not want to wait for the tower's only elevator.<ref name="Lipman p. 159" /> The R&D department quickly outgrew its space, prompting S. C. Johnson to convert the carport into an enclosed laboratory in 1957.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /><ref name="n161762913">Template:Cite news</ref> The same year, parts of the Administration Building's skylights were replaced with corrugated plastic.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" /> Additionally, the structure's glass-tube windows experienced the same kinds of leaks that had occurred at the Administration Building.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /><ref name="n161887707" /> S. C. Johnson announced in 1959 that it would expand the headquarters' R&D department.<ref name="p132540818">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> After Wright's death that year, William Wesley Peters (who by then led Wright's successor firm, Taliesin Associated Architects) was hired to design an expansion to the east of the tower's carport.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" /><ref name="n161763952">Template:Cite news</ref> The annex was completed in 1961.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" />
S. C. Johnson hired the Carrier Corporation in 1964 to install a thermoelectric cooling system with 28 air conditioners,<ref name="p132958801">Template:Cite news</ref> which lacked the refrigerant and compressor coils found in typical air-cooling systems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the end of the 1964 New York World's Fair, the Golden Rondelle Theater was relocated to the Johnson Wax Headquarters in 1966.<ref name="Roberts 2024 a585" /><ref name="n161767804">Template:Cite news</ref> The land to the north of the existing headquarters was acquired and cleared to make way for the theater,<ref name="n161769646" /> and two pavilion structures, also designed by Taliesin Associated Architects, were built next to it.<ref name="n161767345" /><ref name="n161767804" /> The theater was rededicated in July 1967; it initially hosted screenings of the film To Be Alive!,<ref name="n161770063">Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> as well as S. C. Johnson meetings.<ref name="n161828643" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By then, the Johnson Wax Headquarters accommodated over 9,000 annual visitors.<ref name="n161767345" /> Meanwhile, S. C. Johnson's business continued to grow over the years,<ref name="Lipman p. 173">Template:Harvnb</ref> prompting the company to construct additional offices outside Racine in the late 1960s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Taliesin Associated Architects oversaw other minor changes to the two original buildings over the years.<ref name="n161809503">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n161827990" /> The Research Tower's floors were originally painted red, but over the years, each pair of floors was repainted in different colors to distinguish them.<ref name="p1348762209">Template:Cite news</ref>
1970s to 1990s
S. C. Johnson hired Llewelyn Davies Associates in 1969 to create plans for redeveloping the area around the Johnson Wax Headquarters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The plan was released in 1970 and called for several buildings immediately north of the headquarters, such as an employee cafeteria, a workshop and maintenance building, a public exhibition building, a parking garage. The plan also called for a public park around the Golden Rondelle Theater and housing north of the theater.<ref name="n161801124">Template:Cite news</ref> The company continued to grow, prompting S. C. Johnson to ask four firms to design an expansion of the headquarters in the 1970s, although none of these designs were used.<ref name="Lipman p. 173" /> During the 1970s, the carpet in the Administration Building's workroom was changed,<ref name="Goldberger u733">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and laborers added and renovated offices in the workroom's mezzanine.<ref name="n161827990" /> S. C. Johnson also added fire partitions in the Research Tower.<ref name="Kamin q9852" /> The company considered adding a second staircase to the tower but ultimately decided against it.<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /><ref name="p1348762209" />
In 1977, S. C. Johnson bought the Template:Convert St. Mary's Hospital building, immediately to the east of the headquarters, for $1.5 million.<ref name="n161826479">Template:Cite news</ref> The company constructed a tunnel from the original headquarters to the hospital,<ref name="n161809503" /> which was renamed the East Complex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> S. C. Johnson subsequently moved several departments from the original headquarters to the hospital.<ref name="n161809503" /><ref name="n161826479" /> Due to safety concerns,<ref name="Sharoff" /><ref name="p1348762209" /> the Research Tower was largely abandoned in 1982 after S. C. Johnson relocated its research facilities to another building.<ref name="n161852844">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BizTimes g215">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company retained some offices on the tower's second story.<ref name="p1348762209" /> By that decade, the Golden Rondelle Theater had become a visitor center for the headquarters, which had 15,000 annual visitors.<ref name="n161850728">Template:Cite news</ref> A plastic globe outside the headquarters was installed in 1986 to replace the original globe.<ref name="p2651422969" /><ref name="Plitt k510">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> S. C. Johnson also wanted to repurpose the tower,<ref name="n161878160" /><ref name="Goldberger u733" /> though these plans were ultimately dropped because it could not meet modern building codes without undergoing significant design changes.<ref name="Sharoff" /> The tower's facade was cleaned in 1987,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and S. C. Johnson celebrated the Administration Building's 50th anniversary in 1989.<ref name="n161879865" />
The Administration Building remained largely unchanged into the 1990s, though the desks had been modified to accommodate computers. The director of the company's guest relations department claimed that the Johnson Administration Building was one of a few Wright–designed structures that was still being used for its original purpose.<ref name="n161881712">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite widespread architectural acclaim, the Administration Building continued to experience maintenance issues; the roof often leaked, and maintenance costs were 25% higher than at similarly sized buildings.<ref name="n161887707" /> S. C. Johnson policy prevented its executives from making major changes to the design. The company was unable to install sound-absorbing panels, nor could it equip the mezzanine with telecommunications wires, and employees brought in doctors' notes recommending against the use of Wright's chairs.<ref name="n161887707" /> By the late 1990s, S. C. Johnson executives privately considered moving some of the headquarters functions to Chicago due to the lack of qualified executives in Racine.<ref name="p369269956">Template:Cite news</ref>
2000s to present
The Administration Building's theater/cafeteria was turned into a conference area around 2001,<ref name="n161890730">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Research Tower was again cleaned that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following Sam Johnson's death in 2004, his son Fisk Johnson announced that he would construct a memorial to his father, with a replica of a plane that Sam Johnson had flown to Brazil in 1998.<ref name="n161893857" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fisk hired Foster and Partners to design the building, known as "Project Honor", in 2006;<ref name="n161893857" /> the new structure would host the headquarters' cafeteria and other meeting spaces.<ref name="The Business Journals 2006 z097">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Work on the new structure, later known as Fortaleza Hall, began in September 2007.<ref name="n166465837" /> The replica plane was installed in 2009,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Fortaleza Hall opened next to the original headquarters campus in January 2010.<ref name="Kamin i408" /><ref name="n166465837" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The S. C. Johnson Gallery, an exhibition space within Fortaleza Hall, opened in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the early 2010s, S. C. Johnson renovated the tower as part of a $30 million refurbishment project,<ref name="Kamin q9852" /><ref name="Bernstein y6272" /> and it replaced the bricks and glass tubes on the tower's facade.<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /><ref name="p1520550934">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, S. C. Johnson announced plans to open the Research Tower to the public for the first time,<ref name="p1348762209" /><ref name="Anderson p164">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and two of the tower's floors were restored to their 1950s appearance.<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /><ref name="p1348762209" /> The tower was relit on December 21, 2013, when the renovations were nearly completed.<ref name="Plitt k510" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Research Tower opened to the public on May 2, 2014,<ref name="Wolfe x612">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> hosting tours three days a week.<ref name="AP l206" /><ref name="p1520550934" /> The third floor and third mezzanine contain various props,<ref name="p1520550934" /><ref name="p1348762209" /> including beakers, scales, centrifuges, archival photographs, and letters.<ref name="Sharoff" /><ref name="Kamin q9852" /> S. C. Johnson also announced in 2014 that it would spend another $1.5 million renovating the headquarters' offices.<ref name="Burke x124">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For its restoration of the tower, S. C. Johnson received a Spirit Award from the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy.<ref name="n161899192">Template:Cite news</ref> The Johnson Wax Headquarters was subsequently added to the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, which was established in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> S. C. Johnson retrofitted the headquarters with a geothermal energy system in 2019.<ref name="The Business Journals k932">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In addition, the Waxbird Commons office building opened on the campus in 2021.<ref name="BizTimes p959"/>
Administration Building
The Johnson Administration Building was one of three major buildings that Frank Lloyd Wright designed in the 1930s; the other two were Fallingwater in Stewart Township, Pennsylvania, and Herbert Jacobs's first house in Madison, Wisconsin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Similar to Wright's earlier Larkin Administration Building in Buffalo, New York, the Johnson Administration Building was intended to draw occupants' attention inward, rather than outward.<ref name="Lipman p. 32" /><ref name="Wiseman p. 177">Template:Harvnb</ref> The historian Robert McCarter wrote that S. C. Johnson and the Larkin Company both had "enlightened management" who aimed to better their employees' lives, thus making Wright the ideal architect for the Johnson Administration Building.<ref name="McCarter p. 277" /> Wright referred to the Larkin Building as the "masculine sire" to the Johnson Building, which he saw as more feminine due to its curves.<ref name="Lipman p. 20">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Exterior
The original building is designed in a variation of the streamlined Art Moderne style.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT 1937 u682">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wright, who felt that many modern–style buildings were "not really modern", devised plans for a low-lying, streamlined structure.<ref name="n161530259">Template:Cite news</ref> The facade is made of brick, tinted in a Cherokee red hue<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u682" /> and manufactured in Streator, Illinois.<ref name="Lipman p. 38">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161669878">Template:Cite news</ref> The bricks were made in 200 distinct shapes.<ref name="n161878896" /><ref name="Life pp. 16–17">Template:Harvnb</ref> The bricks are alternately laid Template:Convert apart, with blocks of cork placed between the bricks. Concrete was poured into the gaps between the bricks and cork, while steel rods and copper ties were added for reinforcement.<ref name="Lipman p. 46" /> Each horizontal course of bricks measures Template:Convert high.<ref name="AF p. PDF124">Template:Harvnb</ref> Surplus bricks from the project were used in the first Herbert Jacobs House in Madison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
For the most part, the building lacks windows and other openings.<ref name="McCarter p. 278" /><ref name="n161530259" /> The facade uses Template:Convert of Pyrex glass tubes,<ref name="p515285988" /><ref name="p1550468901">Template:Cite news</ref> manufactured by Corning Glass in New York.<ref name="Lipman p. 65">Template:Harvnb</ref> Two bands of Pyrex tubes cross the facade horizontally: one band approximately Template:Convert above the ground, and the other at the cornice immediately below the roof.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u682" /> The Pyrex tubes function as clerestory windows,<ref name="Lipman pp. 62–65">Template:Harvnb</ref> and they distort natural light, preventing occupants from looking out into the neighborhood and vice versa.<ref name="Lipman p. 65" /><ref name="McCarter p. 284">Template:Harvnb</ref> Several diameters of tubes are used.<ref name="Storrer" /> Each band consists of multiple tubes stacked atop each other,<ref name="p515285988" /> which are placed on aluminum racks and bound using wires.<ref name="McCarter pp. 283–284">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 68" /> The gaps between the tubes created shadows, which gave the impression of alternating light-colored and dark bands.<ref name="Lipman p. 68" /> Since the building was equipped with an air-conditioning system from the outset, the glass tubes were not designed to be movable.<ref name="n161530259" /> One unintended effect of the Pyrex tubes was that they focused light onto certain parts of the great workroom, creating glare.<ref name="Lipman p. 68" />
The entrance faces S. C. Johnson's parking lot to the north,<ref name="n161530259" /><ref name="AF p. PDF124" /> away from 16th Street, which was more industrial in nature.<ref name="Hertzberg s153" /> The building had no exits to the east, south, and west, as Wright had convinced the state's industrial commission that the structure was completely fireproof.<ref name="Lipman p. 46" /> Instead, a Template:Convert planting strip surrounds the building on these sides.<ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> The facade originally did not contain any public-facing signage, although a small sign was mounted on the northern elevation of the building's carport, facing the parking lot.<ref name="Lipman p. 47" /> Robert Mosher, who thought Wright would reject any suggestions for signage on the facade, reportedly told Hibbert and S. C. Johnson's board of directors that the building "is going to be such a contribution that you won't need any sign".<ref name="Lipman p. 47" /><ref name="n161876048">Template:Cite news</ref> Between the main building and its carport is a driveway for visitors.<ref name="n161874440" /> To the right of the main entrance is a red tile on which Wright signed his initials.<ref name="p2651422969" />
Interior
The Administration Building's interior covers Template:Convert<ref name="Lipman p. 43" /><ref name="n161852844" /> and consists of a great workroom, as well as offices on a mezzanine and in a penthouse.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u682" /> For the most part, the building lacked hallways because Wright wanted people to circulate vertically between floors, rather than horizontally across a single floor. This also reduced the amount of unused "dead space" in the building.<ref name="n161530259" /> The mezzanine and penthouse are accessed by a pair of elevators,<ref name="NYT 1937 u682" /> which are made of cylindrical bronze cages.<ref name="n161669878" /><ref name="n161886323">Template:Cite news</ref> The hydraulic elevators can carry up to Template:Convert and are operated from an electric control panel in the basement.<ref name="n161886323" /> There is also a pair of cylindrical staircase halls flanking the main lobby,<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /><ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> and several spiraling iron staircases connect the mezzanine to the main level.<ref name="AF p. PDF124" />
Two circular ventilation shafts extend the building's full height,<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="n161530259" /> eliminating the need for air ducts on the roof.<ref name="n161577697" /> The presence of the shafts led Wright to describe the building as breathing through two "nostrils".<ref name="Lipman p. 32" /><ref name="n161530259" /> Air filters, compressors, and fans were installed at the bottom of each shaft.<ref name="Lipman p. 39" /> Filtered air was distributed via a plenum chamber under the workroom's mezzanine.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /><ref name="Lipman p. 39" /> Heating pipes, made of wrought iron,<ref name="Lipman p. 77" /><ref name="n161657852">Template:Cite news</ref> are embedded into the concrete floor slabs.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /><ref name="AF p. PDF124" /><ref name="p559172872">Template:Cite news</ref> The heating system, divided into six sectors that could operate independently,<ref name="n161657852" /> was an early example of a radiant heating system.<ref name="n161876048" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By the 21st century, heating was provided by ventilation ducts, while the original heating pipes were used as telecommunications conduits.<ref name="p1550468901" /> The foundation consists of reinforced concrete footers measuring Template:Convert thick, beneath which is an Template:Convert layer of crushed stone.<ref name="Lipman p. 45" /> The drinking fountains were surrounded by flower bowls.<ref name="n161657062" />
Great workroom
Wright decided to put all clerical staff in the great workroom,<ref name="Lipman p. 93" /> which is variously cited as measuring Template:Convert<ref name="AF p. PDF124" /><ref name="n161657852" /><ref name="p559172872" /> or Template:Convert.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u682" />Template:Efn Its design was heavily based on that of Wright's Capital Journal headquarters in Oregon.<ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> The interior primarily uses concrete, though some brick was also used.<ref name="Lipman p. 43" /><ref name="n161530259" /><ref name="AF p. PDF124" /> The floor is covered with rubber tiles,<ref name="Lipman p. 38" /><ref name="n161663234">Template:Cite news</ref> which are painted a Cherokee red.<ref name="Lipman p. 83" /> S. C. Johnson keeps a collection of Cherokee-red tiles in case the floor tiles need to be replaced.<ref name="p333533676">Template:Cite news</ref> The great workroom is illuminated by rooftop skylights and by the facade's glass bands,<ref name="Wiseman p. 177" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /> in addition to artificial lighting.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="NYT 1937 u682" /> Wooden blinds are installed in front of the Pyrex glass tubes to reduce glare.<ref name="Lipman p. 93" />
The room is arranged in an open plan,<ref name="Horsley h820">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Shaban n889">Template:Cite news</ref> with space for around 200 desks.<ref name="p2651422969" /><ref name="Life pp. 16–17" /> When it was completed, the room was large enough to host meetings for S. C. Johnson's entire workforce, including laborers at nearby factories.<ref name="McCarter p. 287" /> Departments with related functions were placed next to each other. For example, the billing and credit departments worked in the western portion of the room, while the outgoing mail, records, and sales departments worked in the eastern portion.<ref name="Lipman p. 94">Template:Harvnb</ref> Tafel described the great workroom as "the first landscaped office" because of the flexible interior layout.<ref name="n161827990" /> The great workroom is surrounded by a Template:Convert mezzanine<ref name="Lipman p. 17" /><ref name="McCarter p. 283" /> with offices for departmental heads and junior executives.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="n161530259" /> Offices occupy the outermost Template:Convert of the mezzanine, while a corridor protrudes Template:Convert inward.<ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> The mezzanine included offices for the cost, accounting, and traffic departments, in addition to an office for S. C. Johnson's assistant treasurer.<ref name="Lipman p. 94" /> In addition to individual filing rooms for each department, there was storage space for S. C. Johnson's general files under the southern end of the mezzanine. Mail equipment was placed under the eastern part of the mezzanine.<ref name="Lipman p. 94" /> Cork boards were installed under the mezzanine to dampen sound.<ref name="Lipman p. 93" />
The great workroom's ceiling is supported by 60 columns,<ref name="Wiseman p. 177" /><ref name="SC Johnson o883">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn a number deliberately selected by Wright to avoid asymmetry.<ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> Wright, who described the columns as "dendriform", had intended for the columns' design to emphasize the interiors, rather than merely serving a utilitarian function.<ref name="McCarter p. 287" /> The columns are spaced Template:Convert apart, forming a grid.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /><ref name="Lipman p. 17" /><ref name="PBS w838">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the bottom of each column is a footer with steel ribs.<ref name="McCarter p. 284" /><ref name="Lipman p. 51">Template:Harvnb</ref> The columns consist of Template:Convert concrete shells surrounding a hollow shaft,<ref name="McCarter p. 284" /><ref name="Lipman p. 56">Template:Harvnb</ref> the concrete shells have steel mesh cores for added strength.<ref name="n161572640" /><ref name="PBS w838" /> The columns are made of Portland cement and can carry loads of up to Template:Convert, higher than what Wright had specified.<ref name="Lipman p. 56" />Template:Efn In contrast to typical columns, they are narrower at their bases and wider at their tops.<ref name="n161572640" /><ref name="PBS w838" /><ref name="Lipman p. 51" /> The bottoms of each column measure Template:Convert in diameter,<ref name="NPS p. 3">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="McCarter p. 284" /> while their tops are about Template:Convert wide.<ref name="n161572640" /> The columns are cited as measuring Template:Convert,<ref name="Wiseman p. 179" /><ref name="Lipman p. 51" /> Template:Convert,<ref name="n161657852" /><ref name="PBS w838" /> or Template:Convert tall.<ref name="NPS p. 3" />Template:Efn Because of their shape, the columns have been compared to lily pads,<ref name="Wiseman p. 177" /><ref name="PBS w838" /><ref name="Goldberger u733" /> golf tees,<ref name="n161763584" /><ref>See, for example: Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> and ice cream cones.<ref name="n161589644" /> The great workroom's lobby, to the north, has columns measuring over Template:Convert tall.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /><ref name="Lipman p. 51" /><ref name="n161657852" />
Above each column is a "calyx",<ref name="PBS w838" /><ref name="n161578018">Template:Cite news</ref> which measures Template:Convert in diameter.<ref name="McCarter p. 284" /><ref name="Life p. 17">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161578018" /> Hollow pads with concrete rings and struts, which Wright referred to as "petals", stand atop each of the calyxes. There are circular concrete slabs above each of the petals, as well as above the lobby columns.<ref name="Lipman p. 51" /> The roof above the workroom is composed of small beams that connect the petals, thereby forming a rigid frame.<ref name="McCarter pp. 284–285">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are skylights in the spaces between the calyxes.<ref name="PBS w838" /> Because there is nothing above much of the great workroom, most of the columns had to support only the weight of a Template:Convert section of roof, plus any snow that accumulated on the roof.<ref name="Lipman p. 56" /><ref name="McCarter pp. 284–285" /> The ceiling is angled to absorb sound.<ref name="Lipman p. 93" /> The skylights were originally made of Pyrex tubes but have since been replaced with corrugated plastic sheets.<ref name="Lipman p. 169" /><ref name="n161876048" />
Other spaces
The building's basement has service spaces such as lockers, restrooms, and rest areas,<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="n161530259" /> which are accessed via circular stairs.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /> The great workroom is connected to the building's carport by an overpass at the second and third stories.<ref name="p2651422969" /><ref name="Lipman p. 20" /> The theater, located on the second story of the overpass, contains a projection booth and a dining–kitchen area to the north, as well as a podium to the south.<ref name="Lipman p. 33" /> The theater can accommodate 250 people.<ref name="n161657062" /><ref name="AF p. PDF124" /> Senior executives and S. C. Johnson officers worked in the penthouse.<ref name="NYT 1937 u687" /><ref name="n161530259" /> The penthouse consists of two wings connected by a central conference room: one wing for S. C. Johnson's operations division, and one for the advertising and media division. Hibbert Johnson's office was located between the wings, to the north of the conference room.<ref name="Lipman p. 37" /> Writers described the executive offices as having no locks.<ref name="n161669878" /><ref name="p559172872" />
Like the great workroom, the interior of the carport is placed on a grid of columns spaced 20 feet apart.<ref name="Hertzberg-2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 17" /> The carport columns are shorter versions of the columns that appear in the great workroom,<ref name="Hertzberg-2010" /><ref name="Life p. 16">Template:Harvnb</ref> measuring only Template:Convert tall.<ref name="McCarter p. 283" /> Since 1957, the carport has been a laboratory.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /><ref name="n161762913" /> The roof of the carport originally functioned as a recreational area for workers.<ref name="n161657062" /><ref name="AF p. PDF124" /> North of the carport was a squash court with a garage for maintenance vehicles under it.<ref name="Lipman p. 37" /> When the Research Tower was built, a separate set of offices was constructed on the site of the squash court and carport's roof.<ref name="Lipman pp. 134–135" /> These offices have a forced-air system and hot water ceiling panels for cooling and heating, respectively.<ref name="Lipman p. 142">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Furniture
Wright designed the building's furniture,<ref name="n161669878" /><ref name="n161657852" /><ref name="Life p. 16" /> which was made out of metal tubes and produced by Steelcase.<ref name="Lipman p. 88">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Horsley h820" /> Around 40 types of furniture were created for the building,<ref name="p2651422969" /><ref name="Lipman p. 91">Template:Harvnb</ref> many of which incorporate ovals and curved shapes.<ref name="Reif1982">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wright created three-legged aluminum chairs, which were color-coded by department<ref name="Lipman p. 88" /><ref name="VAM l302">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn and would tip over if its occupants did not have both feet on the ground.<ref name="p2579380096">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="n161827133">Template:Cite news</ref> After several employees (and Wright himself) fell out of the chairs, the architect designed the "officer's chair", a four-legged variant of the chair.<ref name="n161890730" /><ref name="Lipman p. 91" /> A fourth leg was later added to most of the three-legged chairs.<ref name="n161876991" /><ref name="p2579380096" />
There were also nine types of desks; the typical desk measured Template:Convert, although round and rectangular tables of different dimensions were created for some departments, such as the mailroom.<ref name="Lipman p. 91" /> The desks themselves generally had oval wooden desktops,<ref name="n161657062" /><ref name="n161658650">Template:Cite news</ref> with cutouts for devices such as comptometers and typewriters.<ref name="Life p. 17" /> The built-in drawers under each desk could swing outward.<ref name="Life p. 17" /><ref name="AF p. PDF123">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161658650" /> The information desk, custom-made for the site, wraps around one of the lobby's columns.<ref name="Lipman p. 91" /> Replicas of the desks have been sold to the public.<ref name="p260284107">Template:Cite news</ref>
Research Tower
Wright also designed the 15-story Research Tower.<ref name="n161582686" /><ref name="Johnson l786">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sources disagree on the building's exact height; the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat and a contemporary Journal Times article cite the tower as measuring Template:Convert tall,<ref name="CTBUH l301">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n161582686" /> which would have made it the tallest building in Racine when it was built.<ref name="n161582686" /> S. C. Johnson's website, ArchDaily, and a Journal Times article from 1982 all describe the building as Template:Convert tall;<ref name="SC Johnson Architecture o883">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Archdaily f944">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n161850970">Template:Cite news</ref> this would make it Racine's second-tallest extant building behind the Racine County Courthouse.<ref name="n161850970" /> Above ground level are seven square-shaped full stories, alternating with seven circular mezzanines;<ref name="n161582686" /><ref name="Johnson l786" />Template:Efn the second floor, which is square, has no mezzanine.<ref name="BizTimes g215" />
Wright referred to the Research Tower as a "helio-lab" because of the way it was illuminated by the sun.<ref name="n161745685">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Bernstein y6272" /> A garden and three fountain pools surround its base, while a court on three sides provides parking for employees.<ref name="Sharoff" />
Exterior
The facade has full-height windows between brick spandrel panels.<ref name="p131877749">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT 1950 n077">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since there are spandrels only at the full stories, the facade appears to have only eight levels.<ref name="n161876991" /> The bricks are tinted Cherokee red and are the same as those used on the Administration Building.<ref name="Lipman p. 146" /> The windows are composed of glass tubes measuring Template:Convert in diameter and separated by insulating strips made of synthetic rubber.<ref name="p131877749" /> There are Template:Convert of glass tubes, which are bound to aluminum racks;<ref name="p178035009">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT 1950 n077" /> these racks contain semicircular incisions for the glass tubes.<ref name="n161732028">Template:Cite news</ref> The Research Tower contains Template:Convert of insulating strips.<ref name="p131877749" /> There are also plate-glass panels behind the glass-tube walls.<ref name="p178035009" /> To prevent water from leaking into the building, there are gaskets and tiny pieces of plastic between the Pyrex tubes.<ref name="Lipman p. 156" />
Several smaller structures are connected to the Research Tower. These include a three-story annex for S. C. Johnson's advertising department, technical department, and lounge. There is also a pilot plant with one basement level and one above-ground story.<ref name="n161690863" /> These structures completely surround the Research Tower, creating a courtyard around the structure.<ref name="Lipman p. 133" /><ref name="McCarter p. 288">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="n161732028" /> As such, the Research Tower's ground story is not visible from the street, giving it the impression that it is floating.<ref name="n161732028" /> There is a two-story annex on Franklin Street, which dates from the early 1960s and is clad with red brick, molded Plexiglas, reinforced concrete, and Kasota limestone.<ref name="n161763952" />
Interior
The Research Tower weighs Template:Convert.<ref name="BizTimes g215" /><ref name="Johnson l786" /> Each of the circular mezzanines measures Template:Convert in diameter, while the squarish main floors measure Template:Convert across.<ref name="n161582686" /><ref name="p1269976350">Template:Cite news</ref> The main floors were originally used as laboratories, while the mezzanines contained offices.<ref name="McCarter p. 288" /> There are dumbwaiters within the open spaces between the main floors and the mezzanines, and staff could call out to each other through the openings.<ref name="Kamin q9852" /><ref name="AP l206" /> Each story is cantilevered from a cylindrical core,<ref name="p1269976350" /><ref name="NPS p. 5">Template:Harvnb</ref> a principle that Wright would later use for his design of the Price Tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.<ref name="Louchheim d093">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result, the Research Tower is sometimes likened to a tree<ref name="n161809503" /> and described as having a "taproot core".<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Like the Administration Building, the Research Tower's interiors do not have corridors in order to maximize the amount of usable office space.<ref name="p131877749" /> The elevator doors are curved, as are doors to the bathrooms.<ref name="p178035009" />
The core itself measures Template:Convert across and extends Template:Convert into the ground.<ref name="n161878896" /><ref name="NYT 1950 n077" /><ref name="BizTimes g215" /> The bottom of the core is stabilized by a circular slab measuring Template:Convert across; it ranges in thickness from Template:Convert, with the outermost portions of the slab being thinner.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The walls of the core are Template:Convert thick.<ref name="Lipman p. 146" /> There is a staircase and an elevator in the core.<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /><ref name="p131877749" /> Because of the dimensions of the core, the staircase narrows to a minimum width of Template:Convert<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /> or Template:Convert.<ref name="BizTimes g215" /><ref name="Sisson h400">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Utilities such as the HVAC system are embedded into the core.<ref name="n161582686" /><ref name="p131877749" /><ref name="n161732028" /> There are separate pipes for distilled, cold, and hot water; compressed air; illuminating gas; nitrogen/carbon dioxide; and steam. Alternating current and direct current energy is provided at two voltages.<ref name="Lipman p. 141" /> The top of the core contains equipment for the intake and exhaust of cold and hot air.<ref name="Lipman p. 133" />
At each story, utility pipes split from the core, running under the floor slabs to the laboratory desks and the exterior walls.<ref name="Lipman p. 141" /> Each floor slab is hollow, with ducts, rebar, and steel sheets sandwiched between the two layers of concrete;<ref name="Lipman p. 146" /> they taper in thickness toward their perimeters.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> The floor slabs reached their maximum thickness near the core, where the ceilings measured as low as Template:Convert. Fume hoods for laboratory equipment were installed near the core, and there were ratchets to raise or lower the work surfaces under the hoods.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /> The spaces had no sprinklers, so combustible items were banned from the tower.<ref name="Lipman p. 164" /> On each pair of floors, there are air-intake openings on the main floors and air-exhaust vents on the ceilings of the mezzanines. Each story also had an air-intake grille and radiators.<ref name="Lipman p. 133" /> The floors themselves originally housed several departments, in addition to a research library,<ref name="n161732028" /> and had built-in furniture.<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /> About six researchers could work on each floor.<ref name="p1550468901" />
When part of the courtyard was enclosed in a 1957 expansion, the ground-level laboratories were expanded by Template:Convert, while the basement laboratories were expanded by Template:Convert.<ref name="n161762913" /> The annex on Franklin Street measures Template:Convert across, with Template:Convert of space. The Franklin Street annex contains 38 staff offices, two general offices, and a Template:Convert circular room used for meetings.<ref name="n161763952" />
Impact
Reception
Contemporary
When the Administration Building was under construction, The Christian Science Monitor described it as a "complete about-face from the skyscraper", citing its streamlined, low-to-the-ground design.<ref name="p515285988">Template:Cite news</ref> The design also led The Journal Times to characterize the structure as an entirely new type of office building.<ref name="n161530259" /> The editor of the Architectural Review, in a conversation with Ben Wiltscheck, regarded the Administration Building as "a progressive landmark in office building architecture".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One publication described the tapering concrete columns in the building as having a "fairy-like slenderness",<ref name="p137199433">Template:Cite magazine</ref> while Time magazine said the Johnson Administration Building "is unlike any other in the world" and was among Wright's best work.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
After the Administration Building was finished, a writer for The Hartford Courant wrote that Wright has "made us little men feel big",<ref name="p559172872" /> and The Capital Times said that Wright "has again pioneered with the Johnson building".<ref name="n161612835" /> United Press International wrote that the building's design was meant to erase differences between management and subordinates, saying that "the errand boy and the president sit on the same kind of a chair".<ref name="n161657062" /> The Spokesman-Review of Spokane, Washington, wrote that architects had called the structure "the greatest contribution to business housing since the design of the skyscraper",<ref name="n161657852" /> and Life magazine compared the Administration Building's futuristic design to the architecture of the 1939 New York World's Fair.<ref name="Lipman p. 93" /><ref name="Life p. 15">Template:Harvnb</ref> The editor of the Milwaukee Journal likened the "cool, gliding, musical" interior to "a woman swimming naked in a stream".<ref name="Life p. 15" /> Ward Morehouse, visiting the building in 1946, felt that "it should be put on wheels and shown to the nation".<ref name="n161669878" />
When the Research Tower was under construction, the New York Herald Tribune described it as a "glass Hollyhock", a reference to Wright's Hollyhock House in Los Angeles.<ref name="p1269976350" /> The architect Philip Johnson, who directed MoMA's architecture department, regarded the Research Tower as one of three buildings that "will make 1950 rival any year in American architecture", along with the headquarters of the United Nations and 860–880 Lake Shore Drive.<ref name="Louchheim v470">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When the tower was finished, one commentator wrote that it was "as soul-stirring as the Colosseum, the Alps, or Sorrento",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while The Berkshire Eagle of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, likened the core to a flagpole.<ref name="n161732028" /> Additionally, Cosmopolitan magazine wrote that Wright had "create[d] a kind of beauty the past had never seen", listing the Johnson Wax Headquarters as one of seven "art wonders of America",<ref name="p1989942657">Template:Cite magazine</ref> while another observer likened the Administration Building to a cathedral.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Retrospective
American architects deemed the Johnson Wax Headquarters one of "seven wonders of American architecture" in a 1958 survey.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Administration Building and Research Tower received the Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, in honor of the buildings' "design of enduring significance".<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> The AIA also described the two structures as being among seventeen "examples of [Wright's] contribution to American culture".<ref name="Storrer" /> Additionally, in a survey of 170 AIA fellows in 1986, the building ranked ninth on a list of "most successful examples of architectural design".<ref name="n161876780a">Template:Cite news</ref> A writer for the Journal Times said in 1993 that the Johnson Wax Headquarters and Wingspread "overshadow the rest of the architecture in Racine County" because they were so well-known.<ref name=n165991665>Template:Cite news</ref>
When Hibbert died in 1978, the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art's director said that Hibbert's decision to hire Wright "was a daring and courageous action at the time".<ref name="n161827519">Template:Cite news</ref> Michael Kimmelman of The Chicago Tribune wrote in 1986 that the Johnson Wax Headquarters "is without question one of the most remarkable commercial structures ever built".<ref name="n161874440" /> The British historian Kenneth Frampton described the structures as "possibly the most profound work of art that America has ever produced".<ref name="McCarter p. 288" /> A local newspaper reporter, touring the headquarters in the 1990s, wrote that "you'll never look at any building the same way again", describing the structures as not merely utilitarian.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dale Buss wrote in The Wall Street Journal in 2009 that the headquarters' design had inspired "a form of architectural husbandry" by S. C. Johnson, although he thought the Golden Rondelle Theater's design clashed with the rest of the complex.<ref name="p2651422969" />
Several critics have compared the Administration Building to a church, including Paul Goldberger of The New York Times<ref name="Goldberger u733" /> and Paul Richard of The Washington Post.<ref name="p138785954">Template:Cite news</ref> Wright's biographer Robert Twombly regarded the Administration Building as reflecting an outdated belief that subordinates should be observed by their supervisors.<ref name="n161809503" /> In a 2000 book about American architecture, the writer Carter Wiseman compared the interior of the great workroom to "a dense but sheltering forest" because of the presence of the columns.<ref name="Wiseman p. 179" /> The Architectural Review, in 2009, described the Administration Building's design as having "a socialist bent", since the great workroom functioned as a shared workspace.<ref name="p201156194">Template:Cite magazine</ref> As for the Research Tower, the journalist Brendan Gill described it as being more esthetically pleasing than practical.<ref name="Sharoff" />
After the Research Tower opened for tours in 2014, a writer for Architectural Record wrote that the tower was cramped and that its props were out of place, but that the Administration Building as "remarkably light and airy".<ref name="Bernstein y6272" /> James S. Russell of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the structures had retained their character over time, both because of S. C. Johnson's stewardship and because of their innovative nature.<ref name="p1550468901" /> Blair Kamin wrote that both buildings "richly express the optimism of their time",<ref name="Kamin q9852" /> and a writer for Curbed saw both buildings as "a dashing vision of the modern American workplace".<ref name="Sisson h400" /> A writer for Chicago Reader said in 2017 that the buildings contrasted with Wright's residential designs, which harmonized with their surroundings rather than turning inward as the Johnson Wax buildings did.<ref name="Malooley n753" />
Media
Although comparatively few publications reported on the Administration Building's construction,<ref name="n161681030">Template:Cite news</ref> the building itself received large amounts of publicity after construction began.<ref name="Lipman p. 45" /><ref name="n161586546">Template:Cite news</ref> Time, Life, and Architectural Forum magazines all covered the building while it was under construction,<ref name="Lipman p. 76" /><ref name="n161612835" /> and news agencies published stories about the building's opening in newspapers across the U.S.<ref name="p2651422969" /><ref name="Lipman p. 93" /> When the Research Tower was finished, it too was widely publicized.<ref name="n161744256" /><ref name="Lipman p. 159" /> Articles and images of the buildings were published around the world, and the architectural and mechanical aspects of both buildings were detailed in trade journals.<ref name="n161744256" /> S. C. Johnson credited the buildings' design with creating publicity for the company,<ref name="n161762576" /> whose executives gave Wright a plaque and a $20,000 check as a sign of gratitude in 1953.<ref name="n161748551">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the company used depictions of the buildings in its trademarks until 1959.<ref name="Spielvogel n915">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Capital Times estimated in 1962 that revenue from publicity had exceeded the headquarters' construction cost.<ref name="n161763584" />
The printmaker Frances Myers created a folio with images of the Johnson Wax Headquarters in 1980,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art curator Jonathan Lipman published a book about the buildings in 1986.<ref name="n161878160" /><ref name="n161876048" /><ref name="p290943086">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the headquarters buildings were described in a 30-minute video project called "The Wright Way", filmed in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Landmark designations
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The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1974;<ref name="Wisconsin Historical Society r678">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although most NRHP listings were required to be at least 50 years old, this rule was waived for both structures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Both buildings were designated as National Historic Landmarks<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nrhpinv2">Template:Citation, with Template:NHLS url Template:Small</ref> in March 1976,<ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> comprising the first National Historic Landmark designation in Racine, as well as Wisconsin's 15th such designation overall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After Racine's city council passed a law in 1974 permitting city-landmark designations, the Administration Building and Research Center were among the first buildings in Racine to be nominated for such a designation;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the structures became Racine city landmarks in August 1975.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Johnson Wax Headquarters was and ten other Wright buildings were nominated as a World Heritage Site in 2011,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the Johnson buildings were removed from the nomination at S. C. Johnson's request.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn
Exhibits and architectural influence
After the Administration Building was completed, a model of the building was displayed at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1940.<ref name="n161681030" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both the tower and original building were featured in a traveling exhibit of Wright's work in 1951.<ref name="p508332587">Template:Cite news</ref> MoMA also hosted an exhibit about the buildings in 1952,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Lipman p. 159" /> and it displayed photographs of the buildings in another exhibit the next year.<ref name="Lipman p. 159" /><ref>Template:Cite news; Template:Cite news</ref> The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art sponsored a traveling exhibit about the buildings beginning in 1986.<ref name="n161876991" /><ref name="n161876048" /> The Milwaukee Art Museum displayed schematics and models of the buildings in 1990,<ref name="p306523731">Template:Cite news</ref> and MoMA also displayed cutaways of the offices in a 1994 exhibit.<ref name="Viladas1994">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the headquarters was detailed in an exhibit by the Racine Heritage Museum in 2002.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The designs of the Johnson Wax buildings also influenced Wright and his personal style. According to the historian Vincent Scully, the Administration Building was one of Wright's earliest buildings to incorporate curves,<ref name="n161809503" /> and Wright himself said in 1951 that he had been inspired to "abolish the box" when he designed the Administration Building.<ref name="n161745685" /> As for the Research Tower, Wright regarded it as a prototype of his high-rise designs.<ref name="n161745685" /> The historian Franklin Toker wrote that the Administration Building had been a particularly important commission for Wright, who did not want to be known primarily as a designer of houses.<ref name="Toker p. 248">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ultimately, the Johnson Wax Headquarters and the Larkin Building were the only major commercial buildings Wright ever designed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Johnson buildings helped revive his career, which had stalled in the 1930s.<ref name="p290943086" /><ref name="n161876048" />
The Administration Building's workroom has been cited as an early example of an open-plan office.<ref name="Shaban n889" /> Fay Jones, one of Wright's apprentices, cited the Johnson Administration Building as an inspiration for his own Mildred B. Cooper Memorial Chapel in Arkansas.<ref name="p282805486">Template:Cite news</ref> Other buildings have also used design elements inspired by those in the Johnson Wax buildings; for example, Santiago Calatrava's Milwaukee Art Museum building contains tapering columns like those at the Administration Building.<ref name="p222162961">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
See also
- List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin
- National Register of Historic Places in Racine County, Wisconsin
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
- Template:Cite magazine
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite report
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite magazine
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External links
- Architecture and Tours at scjohnson.com
Template:Racine, Wisconsin Template:NRHP in Racine County, Wisconsin Template:Frank Lloyd Wright
- Pages with broken file links
- 1930s architecture in the United States
- 1939 establishments in Wisconsin
- 1950 establishments in Wisconsin
- 1950s architecture in the United States
- Buildings and structures in Racine, Wisconsin
- Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
- Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
- Headquarters in the United States
- National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin
- National Register of Historic Places in Racine County, Wisconsin
- Office buildings completed in 1939
- Office buildings completed in 1950
- Office buildings in Wisconsin
- S. C. Johnson & Son
- Tourist attractions in Racine, Wisconsin