Josaphat Kuntsevych

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Josaphat Kuntsevych, OSBM (Template:Circa – 12 November 1623) was a Basilian hieromonk and archeparch of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Polotsk from 1618 to 1623. On 12 November 1623, he was beaten to death with an axe during an anti-Catholic riot by Eastern Orthodox Belarusians in Vitebsk,Template:Efn in the eastern peripheries of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

His death reflects the conflict between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches that intensified after four Ruthenian Orthodox Church (Kiev Metropolitanate) bishops transferred their allegiance from the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople to the Holy See, under the terms laid down by the 1439 Council of Florence, by signing the 1596 Union of Brest. Archeparch Josaphat remains one of the best-known victims of anti-Catholic violence for his role in both personally accepting and very effectively spreading the Eastern Catholic Churches as a hieromonk and bishop,<ref name="Kempa2010">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="Subtelny2009" /> and was canonized in 1867 by Pope Pius IX as a saint and a martyr of the Catholic Church.Template:Efn

In response to the nickname "The Soul-Snatcher", which Josaphat received from both his Orthodox and Calvinist opponents, his biographer, Fr. Demetrius Wysochansky, has written:

"In summing up his pastoral activities which were directed towards the one goal of snatching souls, his contemporaries and witnesses to his life were able to say: 'Whatever Catholics there are in Polotsk, are the fruit of the pastoral labors of Josaphat.' To this statement one may add that whatever Catholics there have been in Lithuania and Byelorussia in the 350 years since Josaphat's death, may all attribute their Catholic Faith to the labors and blood of Josaphat, the 'Soul-Snatcher.'"<ref name="Demetrius E. Wysochansky 1987 Page 80">Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Page 80.</ref>

Biography

Historical and religious background

King Sigismund III Vasa's policy for the Counter-Reformation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was to reunite, "through missions to non-Catholics, both Protestant and Orthodox," all Christians into the Catholic Church.<ref name="Crummey2006">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp After preliminary negotiations with Sigismund III and with Grand Chancellor and Great Hetman of the Crown Jan Zamoyski, a delegation of bishops from the Eastern Orthodox Template:Interlanguage link was sent to Rome in 1595 to accede to the Union of Brest on condition that their rituals and discipline were left intact.<ref name="Bain1908" />Template:Rp Most Eastern Orthodox bishops within the Commonwealth, including Michael Rohoza, metropolitan of Kiev – but at Vilnius,Template:Efn Vilnius Voivodeship, the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – were signatories of the Union of Brest in 1596 which brought the Metropolitanate of Kiev into communion with the pope. Two ecclesiastical factions, those Eastern Orthodox bishops who were signatories and those Eastern Orthodox bishops who were not signatories, met and excommunicated each other, but those who did not assent were in a much worse position than before, because they were no longer officially recognized.<ref name="Bain1908">Template:Source-attribution</ref>Template:Rp The Union resulted in two sectarian groups: Template:Main

• Ruthenian Orthodox Christians who accepted the Union of Brest became Eastern Catholics and were known as "Uniates",<ref name="Davies1982a" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn "(Template:Langx)", a term which, while once widely used and considered benign, is now considered derogatory and insulting.<ref name="OCA Uniate">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CNEWA2011">Template:Cite web</ref><ref> {{efn|The term was used by the Holy See, for example, Pope Benedict XIV in Ex quo primum. Template:Cite book Translated in Template:Cite web</ref> Eastern Catholic Ruthenians were detested, and considered "schismatics and traitors" by those who remained Orthodox and under the Ecumenical Patriarchate.<ref name="Suziedelis2011">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>Template:RpTemplate:Efn "About two-thirds of the Ruthenian population", however, had become Greek-Catholics by 1620.<ref name="MedlinPatrinelis1971" />Template:Rp The northeastern voivodeships became predominantly "Uniate".<ref name="Wilson2011" />Template:Rp<ref name="Skinner2009">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
• Eastern Orthodox adherents who did not assent to the Union of Brest articles remained Eastern Orthodox and were known as "Template:Interlanguage link", or "(Template:Langx)"; they were also called "dissidents" by both Roman and Byzantine Catholics.<ref name="Davies1982a" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn The southeastern voivodeships became predominantly Disuniate.<ref name="Wilson2011" />Template:Rp<ref name="Skinner2009" />Template:Rp Disuniates were subjected to varying degrees of religious discrimination by the Government of the Commonwealth, at the insistence of some Byzantine and Roman Catholic clergy.<ref name="Suziedelis2011" />Template:Rp The Disuniates were leaderless until a reestablished Eastern Orthodox Template:Interlanguage link was consecrated in 1620, which the government legalized in 1632.<ref name="Subtelny2009"/>

Early life

He was born Ioann Kuntsevych in 1580 or 1584 in Volodymyr,Template:Efn Volhynian Voivodeship, in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown (now in Ukraine). He was baptized into a family associated with the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Although descended from Ruthenian nobility (szlachta, Kuncewicz family), his father had embarked in business, and held the office of town-councilor. Both of Kuntsevych's parents encouraged religious participation and Christian piety in the young John. In the school at Volodymyr he gave evidence of unusual talent; he studied Church Slavonic and memorized most of the Horologion, which from this period he began to read daily. From this source he drew his early religious education.Template:Efn

Owing to his parents' poverty, Kuntsevych was apprenticed to a merchant named Papovič in Vilnius. In Vilnius, divided through the contentions of the various religious sects, he became acquainted with men such as Josyf Veliamyn Rutsky, a former Calvinist who converted to Catholicism and transferred from the Western to the Byzantine Rite. Rutsky supported the recent union with Rome, and under his influence Kuntsevych grew interested in the Catholic Church.

Monk

In 1604, in his early 20s, Kuntsevych entered the Monastery of the Trinity (Church and monastery of Holy Trinity) of the Order of Saint Basil the Great in Vilnius, at which time he was given the religious name of Josaphat. Seeking to emulate the Desert Fathers of Roman Egypt, Brother Josaphat repeated the Jesus Prayer so constantly that he was heard to still murmur it during his sleep. He also engaged in many acts of mortification of the flesh, such as praying overnight in the parish cemetery during the winter, while barefoot and deliberately underdressed, in order to offer up his suffering towards the salvation of souls.<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 31-44, 65-78.</ref> According the Beatification testimony of his fellow monks, Brother Josaphat regularly prayed while disciplining himself, "Lord, God, grant unity to the Holy Church and the conversion of the Dissidents."<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Page 71.</ref>

Stories that the young monk was a Greek Catholic Starets spread rapidly and many distinguished people began to visit the Monastery to speak with him for Spiritual direction. Many other young men joined the Monastery, which only recently had been on the verge of closure, due to Brother Josaphat's reputation for holiness.<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 44-48.</ref> Brother Josaphat believed, based on his own studies of history, the liturgical books, and many other sources, that the Union of Brest represented a return to the true roots and origins of the Christian East. He was so successful at arguing in favor of this point and persuading both Orthodox Christians and Ruthenian and Lithuanian Calvinists to convert to Eastern Catholicism, that his theological opponents dubbed him, "The soul-snatcher".<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 79-80.</ref>

During his beatification process, Dorotheus Akhrymovych, a Polotsk city councilman who had known Josaphat in Vilna, testified, "Though the parents of the young boys complained publicly and privately about him, calling him the 'Soul-snatcher' of their sons, later, after their sons returned home from their studies, they were happy with the results and thanked the holy man."<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Page 79.</ref>

Father Gennadius Khmelnytsky later testified, "Because of the numerous souls he was converting to God and the numerous boys he was drawing into the religious life from among the townspeople and the nobility, the Dissidents called him 'Soul-snatcher', instead of his own name Josaphat. They painted a picture of the Last Judgement which they placed in the vestibule of the Orthodox church, in which Josaphat was depicted as one of the devils who was dragging souls to Hell with a hook. Below the painting were written the words: 'Soul-snatcher.'"<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 79.</ref>

Whenever Brother Josaphat, however, was called this name, however, he would chuckle and respond, "God grant me the grace to snatch all your souls and lead them to Heaven."<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 80.</ref>

After a notable life as a layman, Rutsky also joined the Order in 1607.<ref>Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Pages 40-44.</ref>

Priest and Archbishop

When Josaphat was ordained to the diaconate, his regular services and labor for the Church had already begun. As a result of his efforts, the number of novices to the Order steadily increased, and under Rutsky – who had meanwhile been ordained a priest – a revival of Eastern Catholic monastic life began among the Ruthenians (Belarusians and Ukrainians).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1609, after private study under Jesuit Valentin Groza Fabricy, Josaphat was ordained a priest by a Greek Catholic bishop.

Joseph Velamin-Rutski later testified, "He took care of the condemned prisoners to their very last hour, as if there were no one else to do it. After hearing their confessions, he would accompany them to the place of execution, without showing a shadow of reluctance on his face, even if the time were most inopportune, in the evening, for example, or in wintertime. He went gladly as if it were a feast day."<ref name="Demetrius E. Wysochansky 1987 Page 97">Demetrius E. Wysochansky, O.S.B.M. (1987), Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych: Apostle of Church Unity, Basilian Fathers Publications. Detroit Michigan. Page 97.</ref>

He subsequently became the hegumen (prior) of several monasteries.

During his Beatification process, Raphael Korsak testified, "Josaphat never neglected to give alms to the poor, to widows, and especially to orphans. Everyone loved him. Whenever he left the Church, everyone pressed towards the Church doors, seeking solace in his words. Hence, when he was elevated from the office of Hegumen to Archbishop of Polotsk, the beggars wept as they bade their protector farewell. His mercy was even more evident when he became Archbishop, so that one could say that his palace was like a market place and trading post for beggars."<ref name="Demetrius E. Wysochansky 1987 Page 97"/>

On November 12, 1617, he was consecrated as the coadjutor archeparch for the Archeparchy of Polotsk.Template:Efn He succeeded as archeparch in March 1618.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During his episcopacy, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk was rebuilt in 1618–1620.

Kuntsevych faced the daunting task of bringing the local populace to accept union with Rome. He faced stiff opposition from the monks, who feared liturgical Latinisation of the Byzantine Rite as well as from widowed priests who had remarried in open violation of the Eastern Code of Canons. As archeparch he: restored the churches: issued a catechism to the clergy, with instructions that it should be memorized; composed rules for priestly life, and entrusted deacons the task of superintending their observance; assembled synods in various towns in the dioceses; and firmly opposed the Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lew Sapieha, who wished to make what Josaphat saw as too many concessions to the Eastern Orthodox at the expense of Greek Catholic faithful.Template:Example needed Throughout all his strivings and all his occupations, he continued his religious devotion as a monk, and never abated his practice of mortification of the flesh in order to offer up his sufferings for the conversion of others. Through all this he was successful in winning over a large portion of the people.<ref name=AC>Template:Cite web</ref>

Discontent increased among the inhabitants of the eastern voivodeships. In 1618 an Orthodox nobleman at Mohilev,Template:Efn Vitebsk Voivodeship, who had apparently assented to the Union of Brest, openly resisted its implementation and replaced Greek Catholic priests with Disuniate priests. They substituted the names of Timothy II, patriarch of Constantinople, and Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, in the Divine Liturgy for those of Pope Paul V and Sigismund III.Template:Efn The resistance at Mohilev led to a government crackdown against local Orthodox, and a 1619 judicial decree condemned the leaders of the insurrection to death, confiscated all the previously Eastern Orthodox church buildings at Mohilev, and gave them instead to the Ruthenian Catholic Archeparchy of Polotsk.<ref name="Krasinski1840" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn

Norman Davies alleged in God's Playground that Josaphat Kuntsevych "was no man of peace, and had been involved in all manner of oppressions, including that most offensive of petty persecutions – the refusal to allow the Orthodox peasants to bury their dead in consecrated ground;"<ref name="Davies1982a">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp in other words, he is alleged to have prohibited burial of "Dissidents" in Greek Catholic cemeteries.<ref name="Wilson2011" />Template:RpTemplate:Explain

The Ruthenian Orthodox did not disappear, however. In 1620 they assembled in synod at Kiev, protected by Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny, hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks, and elected new Eastern Orthodox bishops including Meletius Smotrytsky as archbishop-elect of Polotsk, all of whom were consecrated "in great secrecy" at Kiev by Theophanes III, the visiting Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Neophyte, metropolitan of Sofia, and Avramios, bishop of Stagoi. Thus a rival Orthodox hierarchy was established.<ref name="Crummey2006" />Template:Rp<ref name="MedlinPatrinelis1971" />Template:Rp<ref name="Krasinski1840" />Template:Rp In response, King Sigismund III accused Patriarch Theophanes III, with some justification, of being a covert agent working to destabilize the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on behalf of the Ottoman Empire and ordered his arrest and arrest of all Bishops consecrated by him.<ref name="MedlinPatrinelis1971">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

That changed in 1620, when, with Cossack aid, a rival Eastern Orthodox hierarchy was set up by Template:Clarify span<ref name="Subtelny2009" />Template:Page needed<ref name="Himka1999">Template:Cite book</ref> with Smotrytsky (who later himself entered into communion with the see of Rome)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=HDU>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> being appointed the Orthodox Archeparch of Polotsk.<ref name="Subtelny2009" />Template:Page needed Smotrytsky publicly claimed that Kuntsevych was preparing a Template:Clarify span<ref name="AC" />Template:Failed verification

After 1620, according to Orest Subtelny, in Ukraine, sectarian violence over ownership of church property increased and "hundreds of clerics on both sides died in confrontations that often took the form of pitched battles."<ref name="Subtelny2009">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed

The government imposed a settlement on the "unsettling and destructive" conflict in 1632 by legalizing the Disuniate hierarchy and redistributing church property between Uniates and Disuniates.<ref name="Subtelny2009"/>Template:Page neededTemplate:Efn

Death

Martyrdom of Josaphat Kuntsevych (c. 1861) by Józef Simmler, National Museum in Warsaw

In October 1623 Kuntsevych ordered the arrest of the last priest who was clandestinely holding Orthodox services at Vitebsk,<ref name=HDU/> where Kuntsevych had a residence.<ref name=HoU>Template:Cite book</ref> Enraged at this, some Orthodox townspeople lynched Kuntsevych on 12 November.<ref name=HDU/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Witnesses of the event described it as follows:

John Szlupas wrote, in The Princeton Theological Review, that the Lithuanian Protestants were also the secret instigators in the murder of Kuntsevych, and Smotrytsky, the chief agent in the murder, was in constant communication with them.<ref name="Szlupas1907">Template:Source-attribution</ref>Template:Rp

In January 1624, a commission presided over by Sapieha investigated Kuntsevych's murder and sentenced 93 people to death for their involvement in the conspiracy,<ref name="Kempa2010" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn and many were banished and their property confiscated. The townhall and the disuniate churches were destroyed, and the franchises of the city abolished, but restored under the subsequent reign.<ref name="Krasinski1840">Template:Source-attribution</ref>Template:Rp With Kuntsevych's death the Disuniates were completely broken up in Lithuania, and their leaders were severely punished. The Disuniates lost their churches in Vitebsk, Polotsk, Orsha, Mogilev, and other places. Smotrytsky joined the Uniates in order to escape punishment, and turned his pen against the Disuniates whose weaknesses were not secrets from him.<ref name="Szlupas1907" />Template:Rp The body was recovered from the river and lay in state in the cathedral of Polatsk. Beatification followed in 1643, but canonization did not take place until 1867, more than two centuries later.<ref name="Himka1999" /> The body is now in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, placed under the altar of Saint Basil the Great.<ref name=AC />

Legacy

Depiction of Josaphat in Ukrainian Greek Catholic monastery in Vilnius

In response to the nickname "The Soul-Snatcher", which Josaphat received from both his Orthodox and Calvinist opponents, his biographer, Fr. Demetrius Wysochansky, has written:

"In summing up his pastoral activities which were directed towards the one goal of snatching souls, his contemporaries and witnesses to his life were able to say: 'Whatever Catholics there are in Polotsk, are the fruit of the pastoral labors of Josaphat.' To this statement one may add that whatever Catholics there have been in Lithuania and Byelorussia in the 350 years since Josaphat's death, may all attribute their Catholic Faith to the labors and blood of Josaphat, the 'Soul-Snatcher.'"<ref name="Demetrius E. Wysochansky 1987 Page 80"/>

Hagiography

Template:Unreferenced section As a boy Kuntsevych was said to have shunned the usual games of childhood, prayed much, and lost no opportunity to assist at the Church services. Children especially regarded him with affection. As an apprentice, he devoted every leisure hour to prayer and study. At first Papovič viewed this behavior with displeasure, but Josaphat gradually won such a position in his esteem that Papovič offered him his entire fortune and his daughter's hand. But Josaphat's love for the religious life never wavered.

Kuntsevych's favourite devotional exercise was the traditional Eastern monastic practice of prostrations, in which the head touches the ground, while saying the Jesus Prayer. Never eating meat, he fasted much, wore a hair shirt and a chain around his waist. He slept on the bare floor, and chastised his body until the blood flowed. The Jesuits frequently urged him to set some bounds to his austerities.

From Kuntsevych's zealous study of the Church Slavonic Byzantine Rite liturgical books he drew many proofs of Catholic doctrine and wrote several original works.Template:Efn Throughout his adult life, he was distinguished by his extraordinary zeal in performing the Church services and by extraordinary devotion during the Divine Liturgy. Not only in the church did he preach and hear confessions, but likewise in the fields, hospitals, prisons, and even on his personal journeys. This zeal, united with his kindness for the poor, led great numbers of Eastern Orthodox confession Ruthenians to a religious conversion to the Eastern Catholic confession and Catholic unity. Among his converts were many important personages such as deposed Patriarch Ignatius, of Moscow, and Template:Clarify span

Canonization

After numerous miracles attributed to Kuntsevych were reported to Church officials, Pope Urban VIII appointed a commission, in 1628, to inquire into his possible canonization, which examined 116 witnesses under oath. Josaphat's body was claimed to be incorrupt five years after his death. In 1637, a second commission investigated his life and, in 1643, Josaphat was beatified. He was canonized on June 29, 1867, by Pope Pius IX.<ref name="HKV">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church celebrates his feast day on November 12. When, in 1867, Pius IX inserted his feast into the General Roman Calendar, it was assigned to November 14, which was the first free day after November 12, which was then occupied by the feast of "Saint Martin I, Pope and Martyr." In the General Roman Calendar of 1969, this latter feast was moved to Pope Saint Martin's Template:Lang ('birthday to heaven'), and Saint Josaphat's feast was moved to that date, his own Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some Traditionalist Catholics continue to observe the General Roman Calendar of 1954, the General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII, or the General Roman Calendar of 1960, in which the feast day is on November 14.

Kuntsevych's canonization process began in the interval of the January Uprising of 1863–1865 against the Russian Empire and was "understood in many circles, including Polish, Russian, and Ruthenian circles, as a papal gesture of moral support for the insurgent Poles."<ref name="Himka1999" />Template:Rp A Russophile Ruthenian newspaper, Template:Interlanguage link, published several negative articles about Kuntsevych.<ref name="Himka1999" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn This antagonism to his canonization "makes sense within the context of the Russophile hegemony in Ruthenian public opinion" and was seen as an insult to Imperial Russia.<ref name="Himka1999" />Template:Rp The Russian government responded, in 1875, with further Russification and forced conversion of the Eastern Catholic Chełm Eparchy, the last Eastern Catholic eparchy in the Russian Empire.<ref name="Himka1999" />Template:Rp

Veneration

The Basilica of St. Josaphat in Milwaukee

According to The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Kuntsevych could be thought of as a patron "of ecumenical endeavour today."<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Churches

St Josephat Church in New York City

St. Josaphat Kuntsevych is the patron saint of a number of Polish and Ukrainian churches and parishes in the United States and Canada, including:

• Basilica of St. Josaphat, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma, Ohio.
• St. Josaphat Roman Catholic Church in Chicago, Illinois
• St. Josaphat's Parish of Bayside, Queens, New York
• St. Josaphat's Ukrainian Catholic Church in Rochester, NY
• St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church in Detroit
• St. Josaphat Parish in Cheektowaga, New York, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
• St. Josaphat's Cathedral and Ukrainian elementary school in Toronto
• St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral in the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton, Alberta
• St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Church of Trenton, NJ

In Croatia, he is patron saint of parishes in Rajevo Selo and Sibinj.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Society of St. Josaphat

During the 1990s, a group of Byzantine Rite Traditionalist Catholic priests and laity, who had survived the underground Church during the 1947-1987 religious persecution by the Soviet Government and the Russian Orthodox Church, founded the Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat in protest against the allegedly modernistic theology and actions of the UGCC hierarchy which had arrived from the Ukrainian diaspora since the collapse of the Soviet Union. They are closely linked to the Society of St. Pius X, which is critical of both the Second Vatican Council and the Mass of Paul VI.<ref>Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Pages 157-182.</ref>

Relic

• There is a relic of the saint in the "catacombs" of Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church in Chicago.
• There are two relics of Saint Josaphat located in the Basilica of St. Josaphat, in Milwaukee Wisconsin. One is located inside the High Altar and the other is located in the lower Chapel. Vatican documentation is presented in the lower Chapel of the authenticity of the relics.

Controversy

Josaphat's canonization has been highly controversial among Ukrainian Orthodox population, mostly due to persecution of Orthodox practices incited by Josaphat. These practices include the arrest of Orthodox priests for holding liturgies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Such actions led the Roman Catholic chancellor Lew Sapieha to write a letter to Josaphat in behalf of the King, condemning him for his actions and claiming that his persecution was his own fault.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Blessed Josaphata Hordashevska - Foundress of the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate and missionary under patronage of St. Josaphat
• List of Catholic saints
• Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych, patron saint archive

References

• Template:Catholic

Further reading

• For background about the ecclesiastical structures and conditions, see Template:Cite book
• For Pope Pius XI's encyclical Ecclesiam Dei commemorating the 300th anniversary of Kuntsevych's martyrdom, see Template:Cite journal Translated in Template:Cite web
• For Pope Pius XII's encyclical Orientales omnes Ecclesias commemorating the 350th anniversary of the Union of Brest, see Template:Cite journal Translated in Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite encyclopedia

External links

• Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of St. Josaphat
• Patron Saints Index: Saint Josaphat
• Josaphat Kuntsevych at Encyclopedia of Ukraine