Joseph Bernardin

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Joseph Louis Bernardin (April 2, 1928 – November 14, 1996) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cincinnati in Ohio from 1972 until 1982, and as Archbishop of Chicago in Illinois from 1982 until his death from pancreatic cancer. Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II.

Biography

Early life

Joseph Bernardin was born on April 2, 1928, in Columbia, South Carolina, to Joseph "Bepi" Bernardin and Maria Maddalena Simion. They were an Austro-Hungarian-born immigrant couple, from the village of Fiera di Primiero, now located in the Northern Italian region of Trentino.<ref name="unsworth">Template:Cite web</ref> Bepi first went to South Carolina to work in a quarry, then came back to Italy to marry Maria. The whole family then moved to Columbia.<ref name="unsworth" />

Joseph Bernardin was baptized and later confirmed at St. Peter's Catholic Church in Columbia. Bepi died of cancer in 1934 when Bernardin was age six. When he was older, he took responsibility for his younger sister, Elaine, while his widowed mother worked as a seamstress for the Works Progress Administration. Joseph attended both Catholic and public primary and secondary schools.<ref name="unsworth" />

Bernardin's original ambition was to become a physician, inspiring him to enroll in the pre-med program at the University of South Carolina (USC) in Columbia.<ref name="unsworth" /> However, after one year at USC, he decided instead to become a priest. He spent one year studying Latin at Saint Mary's College in Kentucky. He then entered the Saint Mary Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland, to study philosophy and prepare for the priesthood. He graduated from Saint Mary in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, then enrolled in the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he received a Master of Arts in education in 1952. His professors wanted him to study in Rome, but he refused out of concern for his mother's health.<ref name="unsworth" />

Priesthood

On April 26, 1952, Bernardin was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Charleston by Bishop John J. Russell at St. Joseph Church in Columbia.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> After his ordination, the diocese assigned him as an assistant pastor at St. Joseph. He also joined the faculty of Bishop England High School in Charleston. In 1954, the diocese move Bernardin to an administrative position in its chancery. He was named superintendent of the diocesan cemeteries and chaplain at The Citadel, a military college in Charleston.<ref name="unsworth" />

In 1959, Pope John XXIII named Bernardin a papal chamberlain with the title of monsignor. The same pope named him in 1962 as a domestic prelate.<ref name="unsworth" />

Auxiliary Bishop of Atlanta

On March 9, 1966, Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin as titular bishop of Liguria and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. He was consecrated on April 26, 1966, by Archbishop Paul Hallinan.<ref name=":0" /> Bernardin, 38 years old, became the youngest bishop in America.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1966 to 1968, Bishop Bernardin served as rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, Georgia.

General Secretary of National Conference

In 1968, Bernardin resigned as auxiliary bishop of Atlanta to become the first general secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in Washington, a post he held until 1972. In 1969. Bernardin was instrumental in founding one of the conference's most influential and successful programs, the anti-poverty Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD).<ref name="peace">Template:Cite web</ref>

During this period, Bernardin also became affiliated with the Order of Friars Minor, being received into the first order with a habit in 1972.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Archbishop of Cincinnati

Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin as archbishop of Cincinnati on November 21, 1972, He was installed there on December 19, 1972. Bernardin served in Cincinnati for nearly ten years. While there, he appointed the first woman as editor of the archdiocesan newspaper, The Catholic Telegraph.

During this period, the Vatican appointed Bernardin to the Sacred Congregation of Bishops in Rome and to the permanent council of the Synod of Bishops.<ref name=peace/> He worked to improve ecumenical relations with Jews and Protestants. He also visited Poland and Hungary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Archbishop of Chicago

Following the death of Cardinal John Cody of Chicago, Pope John Paul II chose Bernardin, already prominent among his fellow American bishops, to lead the Archdiocese of Chicago. He was appointed the seventh archbishop of Chicago on July 10, 1982.<ref name=":0" />On August 25, 1982, he was installed by the apostolic delegate to the United States, Cardinal Pio Laghi. Bernardin found an archdiocese in disarray, its priests disheartened by years of arbitrary administration and charges of financial misconduct.<ref name="unsworth" />A New York Times article in 1996 made the following assessment: "With his patient charm and willingness to listen, Bernardin won back the confidence of the clergy and the laity."<ref name="nytm">Template:Cite news</ref>

Elevation to Cardinal

In the papal consistory of February 2, 1983, Bernardin was elevated to the College of Cardinals by John Paul II as cardinal-priest of Gesù Divino Lavoratore (Jesus the Divine Worker), his titular church in Rome.<ref name=":0" />

Sexual abuse scandal

Template:Main Bernardin implemented a policy concerning priests accused of sexual misconduct with minors. He removed more than 20 priests and established a new review board to assess allegations, made up primarily of lay people.<ref name=nytm/> Bernardin's reforms concerning this issue soon served as a model for other dioceses across the nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1993, Bernardin announced that he was being sued for sexual misconduct. The plaintiff was a former seminarian, Stephen Cook, who said that Bernardin and another priest abused him in the 1970s. However, Cook later said that his memories of the abuse emerged under hypnosis; after becoming uncertain of Bernardin's guilt, Cook dropped him from the lawsuit. The two men later met and reconciled. In 1995, Cook said that he had relied on people who told him things that were not true, "asserting that he is absolutely convinced of Bernardin's innocence".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Final illness

In June 1995, following a string of international visits and pilgrimages, Bernardin underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer. Imaging performed after his surgery showed him to be in remission. However, August 30, 1996, Bernardin announced that the cancer had metastasized to his liver and was inoperable. He turned over the administration of the archdiocese to his vicar general and auxiliary bishop, Raymond Goedert. Bernardin then focused his ministry on the sick, becoming the "unofficial chaplain" to cancer patients at Loyola University Hospital in Chicago.<ref name=Feister>Feister, John Bookser. "Cardinal Joseph L. Bernadin", St. Anthony Messenger</ref><ref name="unsworth" /> In September, Bernardin delivered a major address, "Seamless Garment of Life", at Georgetown University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On September 23, Bernardin traveled to Rome to visit with Pope John Paul II and visit the town of Assisi.<ref name="unsworth" />During that trip, Bernardin made his funerary arrangements. After returning to Chicago, he arranged for the care for his mother, whom he visited daily at her nursing home,<ref name=Feister/> and the distribution of his personal possessions. He sent his personal papers and administrative files to the Archives and Records Center at the archdiocese

Two weeks before his death, Bernardin and his biographer Eugene Kennedy completed The Gift Of Peace, a book containing Bernardin's reflections on the end of life and his own approaching death.<ref name="peace"/> He stated that he saw death as "a continuation and a friend to prepare properly for by conducting ourselves well and letting go to abandon one's self to God in the end".

Bernardin said goodbye to 800 diocesan and religious clergy in a meeting at Holy Name Cathedral weeks before his death. On October 7, he met with the Presbyterate; at the end of the month. He withdrew from active ministry due to his deteriorating strength. In his last days, Bernardin wrote to the United States Supreme Court, arguing against assisted suicide.

Death and legacy

File:BishopsMausoleumAug2004.jpg
Bishops' Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois (2004)

On November 14, 1996, Bernardin died in Chicago from pancreatic cancer at the age of 68.<ref name=":0" /> His funeral mass celebrated by his friend, Cardinal Roger Mahony, with the homily being delivered by his friend Monsignor Kenneth Velo. At Bernardin's wake for priests, his friend Reverend Scott Donahue spoke. The Windy City Gay Chorus performed at Bernardin's funeral, reportedly at his request.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bernardin was interred in the Bishops' Mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

Bernardin was an influential figure in the Catholic Church in the United States following the Second Vatican Council;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> George Weigel called him "arguably the most powerful Catholic prelate in American history".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In December 2023, James Grein said that former cardinal Theodore McCarrick and Bernardin had sexually assaulted him when he was 18 years old at a house near Geneva Lake in Wisconsin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Honors

Honors received by Bernardin

Places named after him

The following places were named after Bernardin:

Awards and honors named after him

  • The University of South Carolina established the annual "Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Lecture" in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Catholic Campaign for Human Development, now sponsored by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, presents the Cardinal Joseph Bernardin New Leadership Award to a young adult who works against poverty and injustice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Georgetown University sponsors the Bernardin Lecture every year<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Catholic Common Ground Initiative presents the Cardinal Joseph Bernardin Award to a group or individual who works to find common ground within the Catholic Church.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Views

Church issues

Bernardin became a mediator between the diverging parties in the changing post-conciliar Church. In 1996, Bernardin inaugurated the Catholic Common Ground Initiative and was a co-author of its founding document "Called to Be Catholic: Church in a Time of Peril," released in August 1996.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" />

Bernardin is also noted for his interest in the concerns of young adults, which was in part evidenced by his involvement in the nascent Theology on Tap lecture movement in the early 1980s. In 1985, he told attendees of a special Theology on Tap Mass, "If I had children of my own, they would be your age. You are very special to me and to this Archdiocese."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

HIV/AIDS

In 1985, Bernadin established an AIDS task force to determine how the archdiocese might best care for those stricken by HIV/AIDS. In 1989, he dedicated Bonaventure House with the help of the Alexian Brothers, a residential facility for people suffering with the disease. Bernardin was also lauded for his anti-pornography work, his leadership of the U.S. bishops, and the presidency of the Catholic Church Extension Society.Template:Citation needed

Ecumenicism

According to Monsignor Kenneth Velo, a former executive aide to Bernardin and head of the Catholic Extension Society, Bernadin learned ecumenism while serving in predominantly Baptist American South.<ref name="peace" />

Bernardin promoted ecumenism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While archbishop of Cincinnati, Bernardin engaged in interfaith dialogue with Jews, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Lutherans.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1984, he began the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago,<ref name="Spilly 2000 page 339">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the successor group to the Chicago Conference on Religion and Race, and served as the council's first president.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Under Bernardin, the Archdiocese of Chicago established covenants with the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago in 1986 and with the Metropolitan Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1989.<ref name="Spilly 2000 page 339" /> Bernardin attended the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Peace

In 1981, Bernardin became head of the new NCCB Ad Hoc Committee on War and Peace, formed to draft a pastoral letter on nuclear proliferation.<ref name="McBrady 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> The resulting book-length letter, "The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response", was published in 1983.<ref name="McBrady 2015" /> An influential statement of Catholic social teaching, the document condemns nuclear warfare<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and states that nuclear deterrence is "not an adequate strategy as a long-term basis for peace; it is a transitional strategy justifiable only in conjunction with resolute determination to pursue arms control and disarmament".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In relation to his work on the nuclear question, Bernardin was featured on the front cover of a 1982 issue of Time Magazine entitled "God and the Bomb".<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1995, Bernardin led an interfaith pilgrimage to the Middle East to meet with government and religious leaders in Israel and Palestine and promote peace.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bernardin condemned violence in Lebanon, Israel, and Northern Ireland<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and called for the Catholic Church to become a "peace church".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Criticism

Neoconservative author George Weigel has been a severe critic of Bernardin and his influence in the Catholic Church in the United States. Weigel accused Bernardin of creating a "Bernardin Machine" to appoint bishops who dominated the American hierarchy for decades, and also of being the exponent of a "culturally accommodating Catholicism". He deemed the defeat of Bishop Gerald Kicanas by then-Archbishop Timothy Dolan for the presidency of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, in November 2010, as "the end of the Bernardin era".<ref>The End of the Bernardin Era, First Things, February 2011</ref>

See also

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References

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