Jovanka Broz

Jovanka Broz (Template:Nee; Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl; 7 December 1924 – 20 October 2013) was the First Lady of Yugoslavia from 1952 until 1980 as the wife of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito. She was a lieutenant colonel in the Yugoslav People's Army.

Born in Lika, she joined the anti-fascist resistance movement in 1941 and served in the Partisan army during World War II, where she was wounded twice and awarded the Order of Bravery. In 1945, she was assigned as Tito’s personal secretary and later became his wife in 1952.

As First Lady, she participated in numerous diplomatic events and hosted foreign leaders. In the 1970s, tensions with Tito’s close aides led to accusations of political interference, resulting in her isolation and eventual separation from Tito in 1977.

After his death in 1980, she lived in near-complete seclusion under unofficial house arrest, without personal documents or a pension. Her living conditions deteriorated, and she regained her documents only in 2009. She died in 2013 in Belgrade and was buried with state honours at the House of Flowers.

Early life and ancestry

Jovanka Budisavljević was born on 7 December 1924, into a Serb family in the village of Pećane near Udbina, in the Lika region, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, now Croatia.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">Tito's widow, Jovanka Broz, dies in Belgrade, aged 88 BBC. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</ref><ref name=tpost>Template:Cite news</ref> Her parents were Mihailo "Mićo" Budisavljević and Milica (née Svilar). She had four siblings: older brother Maksim (b. 1923), younger brother Petar (b. 1926), and two younger sisters, Nada (b. 1934) and Zora (b. 1936). She was named after her maternal grandmother, Jovanka Svilar.

Her father emigrated to the United States as a young man, where his uncles lived, before returning in 1920 to the newly formed kingdom. He purchased 20 acres of farmland and married Milica Svilar. The couple had three children before Mićo briefly moved to Canada. Fluent in English and well-travelled, he became known in the village as the "rich American." During World War II, he served as a translator for the American military mission that landed in the Krbava field. After Milica died of tuberculosis in 1937, Mićo remarried and had a daughter, Mara, with his second wife, Soka Svilar.

Jovanka descended from a prominent noble Budisavljević family, of Serbian origin.<ref>https://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak/budisavljevic</ref> One of her ancestors, Prota Tomo Budisavljević, was an Orthodox priest and army major who defended the border against Ottoman incursions. His father, Marko Budisavljević, was raised to the rank of nobility in 1787 by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Tomo’s daughter, Sofia, married Nikola Mandić, and their daughter, Georgina, became the mother of the famed inventor Nikola Tesla, making Jovanka and Tesla distantly related.

In April 1941, when World War II started in Yugoslavia, the Budisavljević family was forced to flee the violently anti-Serb Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia, which targeted one third of the prečani Serbs for forced conversion to Catholicism, another third for expulsion and the final third for extermination. The family's house was eventually burned down by the Ustaše troops.<ref>Društvo|Novosti Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> She joined the Yugoslav Partisans shortly thereafter, at the age of 17.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" />

Life with and around Tito

Jovanka Broz as a Partisan in the 1940s.

Former JNA General Marjan Kranjc says Jovanka was assigned to the Marshal as early as 1945 as part of the personnel that checked his food and overall cleanliness for the purpose of preventing disease. After the death of Tito's great love Davorjanka Paunović, whose grave is in the Royal Compound in Dedinje, in 1946, Jovanka became his personal secretary according to Kranjc. "In this way she became a part of the innermost security ring around Tito and had to sign a secret cooperation agreement with the State Security Service (SDB), which was the law" - says Kranjc.<ref name="vreme1">Vreme 800 - Portret savremenika – Jovanka Broz: Tajna sa Dedinja Template:In lang</ref>

Initial relationship

Milovan Đilas, one of the communist revolutionary movement's leading members and ideologues, and a subsequent dissident, provides more details about Jovanka during this period in Druženje s Titom (Friendship with Tito). According to him, the relationship with Tito was extremely difficult for her:<ref name = "Dilas-Druzenje">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>

She never appeared outside of Tito's company. We'd see her many times as she was keeping a vigil for hours in a hallway [while we're holding a late-night meeting inside], to make sure she is available if Tito needs anything as he's going to sleep. Because of that, the wrath and the lack of trust she was receiving from other servants was almost inevitable. [According to what was on offer] the motives for her closeness to Tito could've been explained in endless ways, none of which would show her character in a good light: career climbing, cajolery, malicious female extravagance, exploitation of Tito's lonesomeness... As far as she was concerned, Tito was a war and communist party deity for whom everyone was supposed to sacrifice everything they had. She was a woman deep in the process of comprehending Tito as a man, while also increasingly and devotedly falling in love with him. She was resigned to burn out or fade away, unknown and unrecognised if need be, next to the divine man about whom she dreamt and to whom she could only belong now that he has chosen her.

Marriage

Jovanka Broz in 1971 during a visit to the Nixon White House, with Tito, President Richard Nixon, and First Lady Pat Nixon.

The exact date of their marriage is also subject to debate. The secret wedding ceremony happened either during 1951 or in April 1952; however, the location of the ceremony is also not clear. Some sources say it took place in the Dunavka villa in Ilok while others list Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica as the location.<ref>Blic Online | Titova udovica daleko od očiju javnosti Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref>

Deterioration

Jovanka in her house in June 2009 with Ivica Dačić and Rasim Ljajić.

Many believed her to be a victim of the ambitions of various politicians who managed to manipulate the ageing Marshal into turning against his wife. Ivo Eterović, a writer and photographer with unprecedented decades-long access to Yugoslavia's ruling couple, stated "the main culprits for the Tito-Jovanka split are that pig Stane Dolanc and General Nikola Ljubičić".<ref name="vreme1"/> In 1975, Tito left their common home, and she did not see him from 1977 to 1980 when he died.<ref name=tpost/> After Marshal Tito's death she lived in seclusion in Dedinje, a Belgrade suburb, under house arrest.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> The house was in a very bad condition; nobody cared to repair anything. The roof was leaking, and she did not have her pension or any of her documents (ID, passport and health insurance card). She lived without heating for eight years. She got her ID and passport in 2009. They took her car, so she was not able to go to her husband's grave when she wanted to. The government had to be notified if she left the house. She had practically no human rights for 30 years.

Death

Jovanka Broz's tomb in House of Flowers mausoleum, Belgrade.

Broz was hospitalised on 23 August 2013, and died from a heart attack in a Belgrade hospital on 20 October 2013, aged 88.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> She was buried in the House of Flowers mausoleum near her husband's grave.

Memoirs

The book titled My Life, My Truth was released three weeks before she died.

Honours

• Template:Flag: Dame Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (8 May 1956).<ref name="slobodnaevropa.org"/>
• Template:Flag: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (22 October 1970).<ref>National Archief</ref>
• Template:Flagicon Iran: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).<ref>Badraie Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Template:Flagicon Nepalese Royal Family: Member First Class of the Most Illustrious Order of the Three Divine Powers (2 February 1974).<ref>Alamy</ref>

References in popular culture

In the British television series Doctor Who, the fictional character of Tegan Jovanka, one of the companions of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, and one of the longest running companions of the Doctor, got the name as a combination of Tegan, named by one of the producers' niece, and Jovanka, after Jovanka Broz.