Julian, California

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Julian community limit

Julian is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,768, up from 1,502 at the time of the 2010 census.

Julian is an official California Historical Landmark (No. 412).<ref name=CHL>Template:Cite ohp</ref> The Julian townsite and surrounding area is defined by the San Diego County Zoning Ordinance Section 5749 as the Julian Historic District. This designation requires that development adhere to certain guidelines that are administered by the Architectural Review Board of the Julian Historic District, which is appointed by the San Diego County Board of Supervisors.<ref>The "Design Guidelines Manual" is available in PDF at San Diego County's office web site: http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us</ref>

Julian was named an International Dark Sky Community by the International Dark-Sky Association in May 2021. It was the 30th such designation and the second in California.<ref>Julian, California, Named an International Dark Sky Community!</ref>

The town is known for its apple pie and its annual Julian Apple Days Festival, which began in 1949.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

19th century: Initial European settlement and the gold rush

The first European settlers were "Cockney Bill" Williams from England and John Wesley Horrell, who arrived in the area in 1850 or 1851.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The town itself was first settled by Drury, Frank, and J.O. Bailey, all brothers; and their cousins, Mike and Webb Julian. They passed through the region in 1869 from San Bernardino en route to Arizona, in the wake of the American Civil War. Taken by the beauty of the Julian area, Drury Bailey interrupted the group’s travel plans and chose instead to settle here; he chose to name the settlement “Julian” after Mike Julian because “Mike was better looking” than any other member of the Bailey family.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest /> Julian was also a former Confederate soldier<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> who was later elected San Diego County Assessor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shortly afterwards gold was discovered in the Julian region. A tent city initially formed in the boomtown, followed by more permanent structures as it became apparent that gold mining in Julian would persist for some time. Victorian-style structures were constructed in the latest stage of Julian’s early settlement, including the Hoskins House.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest />

After the American Civil War, in 1869, A.E. "Fred" Coleman, a former slave, crossed over what is now known as Coleman Creek just west of Julian. Seeing a glint of gold in the stream bed, he climbed down from his horse to investigate. Having had previous experience in the gold fields, he retrieved his frying pan and began panning the sands of the creek. Soon thereafter, Coleman established the Coleman Mining District and was its recorder and also began the mining camp called Emily City, later renamed Coleman City. Learning of the find, others rushed to the district and tried to trace the gold to its source. On February 22, 1870, the first "lode", or hard rock, mining claim was filed in the Julian area. Since February 22 was President George Washington's birthday, the mine was named the Washington mine. Soon hundreds of anxious men and families rushed to Julian to stake their claims. Julian experienced a gold rush and became a tent city overnight. In April 1870, the area's first sawmill was set up and Julian began to take on a more permanent structure. Attempts to build rival mining towns at Coleman City, Branson City and Eastwood were defeated. Owners of the Cuyamaca rancho Land Grant claimed (the Cuyamaca Land Float) Julian, and its mines were within the Rancho boundaries. In 1873, the courts ruled that the Rancho did not include Julian and the mines. While the miners tried to wrestle the gold from deep within the earth, James Madison brought a wagon load of young apple trees into the mountains. The fruit trees flourished in the clear, fresh air. Apples are still a big product in Julian, many of which are used for making the world-famous Julian apple pies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Local historians have variably suggested that the Julian of 1873 rivaled San Diego in population and they unsuccessfully attempted to shift the county seat to the city.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest />

According to a bronze historical plaque appearing in the town, in the early days of Julian, the majority of San Diego County's Black population resided in or near the town, including the founders of the Robinson Hotel and a noted resident, America Newton, a freed slave who laundered miners' clothing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Of the 55 Black people living in San Diego County during the 1880 census, 33 lived in the Julian area.

20th century

In 1976, Julian approved a plan that required the exteriors of any buildings on Main Street be no younger in age than 1913. Many structures bear a Victorian architecture that predates this cutoff.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1970s, as many of 25,000 visitors visited the settlement per annum.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest />

Julian had four or five wells in the 1970s. A county planner surveyed the water capacity for Julian and indicated that it was unlikely that Julian would ever have enough inexpensive water to sustain large-scale development.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest /> During a period of drought, the community of Julian was compelled by the San Diego County supervisors to obey a moratorium on development until a 30,000 gallon waste treatment plant could reduce the risk that a developing Julian’s sewage output might pollute the San Diego River.<ref name=SDR1977-wildwest /> Julian’s water supply became largely dependent on a single well owned by a local property owner named Jerry Zweig, as the community’s water board-owned resources were depleted in a drought in the 1990s and were severely limited by contamination as a defunct Chevron station contaminated three of the eight publicly owned water wells into the late 1980s.<ref name=LAT1991fastfood>Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 29, 1989, Benjamin Haimes of Encino and Gustav Oran Hudson of El Cajon) disputed a claim to land to the Ready Relief and Hubbard Mines in Julian’s Chariot Canyon (historically owned by the Bureau of Land Management) over rights to an area where both had intentions to prospect for gold. Hudson and his family arrived at the property at a time when Haimes’ appointed caretaker (Chris Zerbe) and the caretaker’s friend (Joe Lopes) of Julian. The resulting escalation involved the replacement of a padlock at the Hubbard Mine by the Hudsons, conflicting accounts of alcohol use and escalative behavior by Zerbe, and a shootout in which Zerbe and Lopes (who did not fire) were ultimately killed. No charges were filed. Nicknamed the “Chariot Canyon Massacre,” these killings are understood to be the first gold prospecting-related killing in Julian since the gold rush of the late 1800s.<ref name=SDR1991-killings>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Citation Part 1</ref><ref>Template:Citation Part 2</ref>

A controversy erupted in Julian in 1991 as the community lost its bid to resist the construction of fast food restaurants. Dairy Queen and Subway were the first to relocate into the town during this time. Zweig circumvented a community moratorium on new development (induced due to the town’s longstanding drought), agreeing to continue to sell 30,000 gallons of water a day in return for the waiver to build. Zweig, also the owner of the largest well in the community, allegedly threatened to cut off the community’s water supply unless they acquiesced.<ref name=LAT1991fastfood /> Neither business was supported by the community and both have since closed.

Railroad

In the 1960s, motion picture animator Ollie Johnston acquired and restored a full-size Template:RailGauge Porter steam locomotive originally built in 1901, named the Marie E. He then built the Deer Lake Park & Julian Railroad (DLP&J) at his vacation estate in Julian to run the locomotive with a small gondola and caboose pulling behind it, utilizing railroad ties from the defunct Viewliner Train of Tomorrow attraction in Disneyland.<ref name="Amendola2015p124"/><ref name="Broggie2014p103">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Marie E. first ran in 1968.<ref name="Amendola2015p124">Template:Harvp</ref> Johnston sold the vacation estate and the narrow gauge train in 1993,<ref name="Amendola2015p124"/> and the engine and its consist were sold, running one last time on the Disneyland Railroad during a private event.<ref name="Amendola2015pp131–133">Template:Harvp.</ref>

21st century

The region around Julian was hit by a multi-year drought starting in 1999, leading up and into the catastrophic Cedar Fire of 2003 following an extremely wet 1997–1998 El Niño cycle. Residents of Julian reported drilling wells up to Template:Convert to strike water during this period, well over twice as deep as they have had to drill in the town’s history. This has also been controversially attributed to stressors from the development of weekend and holiday housing in the town by outsiders. Drought conditions were noted to have allowed the rise of beetle pests to consume Coulter pines in and around the community, as the pines do not have access to enough water to protect their trunks with sap.<ref name="SDR2002-drought">Template:Cite news</ref> The drought-induced devastation of the Coulter pines due to the beetles has allowed some landowners in the Volcan Mountains to the immediate north of Julian to obtain exemptions from filing timber-harvest plans. These plans are normally required under the California Environmental Quality Act and effectively allow the state to regulate the logging practices exercised on a parcel of land, raising fears in Julian that overlogging might be technically permissible in light of the Coulter pine disaster.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In recent decades Julian has become a quaint mountain resort, with most businesses oriented toward tourism and not local services.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The main area of town narrowly escaped destruction in the 2003 Cedar Fire that burned much of the surrounding area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2004, an interviewing journalist noted that up to a third of Julian’s population had been affected by property losses associated with fire. The local fire district had recently removed property-tax benefit fees, making reconstruction more difficult for residents devastated by fires. Drought and infestation of the local forests by pine bark beetles was observed to exacerbate the fire season’s stressing effect on the community.<ref name="SDR2004-heathens">Template:Cite news</ref>

Fire disruptions as of 2004 were observed in Julian to have caused the disappearance of populations of red-winged blackbirds, acorn woodpeckers, white-crowned sparrows, lesser goldfinches, scrub jays, Steller’s jays, nuthatches, or black-headed grosbeaks.<ref name=SDR2004-heathens />

Luxury home developments expanded the community of Julian into the early 2010s. These developments (such as the New England-themed Hoskings Ranch development), which often exceed $1 million in listing prices, are predominantly owned as vacation homes by individuals who principally live in La Jolla, with significant concentrations from Del Mar and Coronado in metropolitan San Diego.<ref name=SDBJ2016-realestate>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2017, the Julian Arts Guild opened an art gallery in downtown Julian, Julian Arts Guild Gallery, where local artists and artisans display their works.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On April 14, 2025, a magnitude 5.2 earthquake struck 2.5 miles miles south of Julian at around 10 a.m. Minor damage occurred, but no injuries. Some roads were closed because of fallen boulders.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of Template:Convert, all land.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020"/>

Soils in and around Julian are mostly dark brown, slightly to moderately acidic sandy loams which are well drained and of variable stoniness. Less stony areas, which underlie most of the townsite, are in the Holland series. The hills around town have rocky soils of the Crouch series. Somewhat poorly drained alluvial loam occurs along Coleman Creek.<ref>https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov</ref>

Climate

Julian experiences more extreme temperatures and greater precipitation than much of southern California. It also receives snow annually, which accumulates the most in February and March. This attracts people from San Diego and other coastal cities, where snow is a once-in-a-lifetime event. As is typical in southern California, the summer has the driest months, but with a number of monsoonal storms from the southeast. Average yearly snowfall from 1991 to 2020 has been Template:Convert. According to the Koppen climate classification system, Julian experiences a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Template:Weather box

Demographics

Template:US Census population

Julian was first listed as a census designated place in the 1980 U.S. census.<ref name=1980CensusCA/>

2020

Between 2020 and 2021 the population of Julian grew from 1,318 to 1,332, a 1.06% increase and its median household income grew from $71,480 to $74,121, a 3.69% increase.

The five largest ethnic groups in Julian, CA are White (Non-Hispanic) (81.6%), Two+ (Hispanic) (12.9%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (3.15%), White (Hispanic) (2.33%), and Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (0%), and 98.9% of the residents in Julian, CA are U.S. citizens.

In 2021, the median property value was $478,300, and the homeownership rate was 92.2%.<ref>DataUSA: Julian, CA "Between 2020 and 2021 the median property value increased from $439,200 to $478,300, a 8.9% increase."</ref>

2010

According to the 2010 United States census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Julian had a population of 1,502. The population density was Template:Convert. The racial makeup of Julian was 1,341 (89.3%) White, 5 (0.3%) African American, 27 (1.8%) Native American, 12 (0.8%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 81 (5.4%) from other races, and 36 (2.4%) from two or more races. There were 195 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (13.0%).

The Census reported that 1,502 people (100% of the population) lived in households, zero (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 670 households, out of which 146 (21.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 329 (49.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 51 (7.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 35 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 41 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 209 households (31.2%) were made up of individuals, and 89 (13.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24. There were 415 families (61.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.80.

The age distribution included 283 people (18.8%) under the age of 18, 76 people (5.1%) aged 18 to 24, 260 people (17.3%) aged 25 to 44, 585 people (38.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 298 people (19.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.8 years. For every 100 females, 96.1 were males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, 95.4 were males.

There were 917 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert, of which 489 (73.0%) were owner-occupied, and 181 (27.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 1,065 people (70.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 437 people (29.1%) lived in rental housing units.

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Notable people

Economy

The main employment sectors in Julian are tourism and agriculture, with emphasis on apples. Julian is on the Pacific Crest Trail.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

In the California State Legislature, Julian is in Template:Representative, and in Template:Representative.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the United States House of Representatives, Julian is in Template:Representative.<ref>California's 48th congressional district - Wikipedia</ref>

Education

The Julian Union School District<ref>Julian Union School District Template:Webarchive</ref> operates one elementary, one junior high, one high school, and one Julian Charter School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Infrastructure

California State Route 78 and 79 in Julian

Transportation

Access to Julian is limited to three major roads. The northern access is via State Route 79, which ultimately links to various other roads and highways serving northern San Diego and southwestern Riverside counties, including I-15. SR 78 comes to Julian from the west, providing access to Ramona and Escondido. The eastern access is SR 78, which descends the eastern slope of the mountains to intersect with SR 86 in Imperial County; this is the least commonly used of the three routes. The southern access is SR 79 through Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, which then links to I-8.

Public transportation includes bus service from either El Cajon or Borrego Springs, via San Diego Metropolitan Transit System on route #891.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Attractions

The California Wolf Center lies Template:Convert outside of Julian, and is the principal captive breeding facility for the endangered Mexican wolf (which, as of 2012, had fewer than 50 wild members of its species). Alaskan wolves have also been raised and studied at the facility.<ref name=SDR2012-wolf>Template:Cite news</ref> The California Wolf Center is managed in conjunction with the United States Forest Service but is financed entirely through private donations.<ref name=SDR2010-wolfpie>Template:Cite news</ref>

References

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Sources

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