Juliusz Słowacki

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer

Juliusz Słowacki (Template:IPAc-en; Template:IPA; Template:Langx; 4 September 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantic poet. He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period, and the father of modern Polish drama. His works often feature elements of Slavic paganism, Polish history, mysticism and orientalism. His style includes the employment of neologisms and irony. His primary genre was the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His most popular works include the dramas Kordian and Balladyna and the poems Beniowski, Testament mój and Anhelli.

Słowacki spent his youth in the so-called "Stolen Lands" within the Russian Empire, in Kremenets (Template:Langx, now in Ukraine) and in Vilnius (now Lithuania). He briefly worked for the government of the Kingdom of Poland. During the November 1830 Uprising, he was a courier for the Polish revolutionary government. When the uprising ended in defeat, he found himself abroad and thereafter, like many compatriots, lived the life of an émigré. He settled briefly in Paris, France, and later in Geneva, Switzerland. He also traveled through Italy, Greece and the Middle East. Eventually he returned to Paris, where he spent the last decade of his life. He briefly returned to Poland when another uprising broke out during the Spring of Nations (1848).

Life

Youth

File:Salomea Słowacka.PNG
Poet's mother, Salomea, née Januszewska

Słowacki was born on 4 September 1809 at Kremenets (in Polish, Krzemieniec), Volhynia, formerly part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but then in the Russian Empire and now in Ukraine.<ref name=alma>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=polona>Template:Cite web</ref>

His father, Template:Ill, a Polish nobleman of the Leliwa coat of arms, taught rhetoric, poetry, Polish language, and the history of literature at the Krzemieniec Lyceum in Kremenets;<ref name="MakowskiSudolski1967">Template:Cite book</ref> from 1811 he held the chair (katedra) of rhetoric and poetry at Vilnius Imperial University.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/><ref name="Gacowa2000-17">Template:Cite book</ref> He died in 1814, leaving Juliusz to be raised solely by his mother, Template:Ill (née Januszewska).<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> In 1818 she married a professor of medicine, Template:Ill.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> She ran a literary salon where young Juliusz was exposed to diverse influences.<ref name="Hertz1969-17">Template:Cite book</ref> It was there in 1822 that the 13-year-old met Adam Mickiewicz, the first of the Three Bards of Polish literature.<ref name="Hertz1969-22">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=polona4/> Two years later, in 1824, Mickiewicz was arrested and exiled by the Russian authorities for his involvement in a secret patriotic Polish student society, the Philomaths; Słowacki likely met with him on Mickiewicz's final day in Vilnius.<ref name="Hertz1969-22"/>

Słowacki was educated at the Krzemieniec Lyceum, and at a Vilnius Imperial University preparatory gymnasium in Vilnius.<ref name=alma/> From 1825 to 1828 he studied law at Vilnius Imperial University. His earliest surviving poems date to that period, though he presumably wrote some earlier, none of which have survived.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1829 he moved to Warsaw, where he found a job in Congress Poland's Template:Ill.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> In early 1830 he debuted his literary career with the novel Template:Ill, published in the periodical Melitele.<ref name=polona/> That year, the November Uprising began, and Słowacki published several poems with patriotic and religious overtones.<ref name=polona/> His Template:Ill, first published in Polak Sumienny (The Conscientious Pole) on 4 December 1830, and other works such as Template:Ill (Oda do Wolności), won acclaim and were quickly reprinted several times.<ref name=polona/><ref name="WarnerRunkle1902"/>

In January 1831 he joined the diplomatic staff of the revolutionary Polish National Government, led by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski.<ref name=polona/> Initially he served as a copyist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 8 March 1831 he was sent on a courier mission to Dresden<ref name=polona/> (some sources say this was not an official mission but a private journey<ref name=alma/>). Many others left Warsaw around that time, in the aftermath of the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska and in expectation of a Russian advance on Warsaw.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Dresden, Słowacki was well received by the local Polish émigré community, and even welcomed as "the bard of fighting Warsaw."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In July 1831 he volunteered to deliver messages from the National Government to its representatives in London and Paris, where he heard about the fall of the Uprising.<ref name=alma/> Details of his mission (what letters he was carrying, and to whom) are not known.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Emigration

File:Juliusz Słowacki by Tytus Byczkowski.PNG
Słowacki in his younger years, depicted by Tytus Byczkowski

Like many of his countrymen, Słowacki decided to stay in France as a political refugee. In 1832 he published his first collections of poems and his first two dramas (Template:Ill and Template:Ill).<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> He also met Mickiewicz again; reportedly, Mickiewicz approached his younger colleague and shook his hand.<ref name=polona/> However, Słowacki's poems, written in the 1820s, were unpopular among his Polish compatriots, as they failed to capture the sentiment of a people living under foreign occupation.<ref name=bioMK/> Słowacki was also angered by Mickiewicz, who not only stole the limelight with his Template:Ill (Books of the Polish nation and pilgrimage), but his part three of Dziady (1832) cast Słowacki's stepfather, professor Bécu, in the role of a villain.<ref name=kow149>Template:Cite book</ref> In a letter to his mother Słowacki wrote that immediately after reading that work he was ready to challenge Mickiewicz for a duel; that did not come to pass but from that moment on, Słowacki would see Mickiewicz as his main rival.<ref name=kow149/><ref>Alicja Dzisiewicz. Nad Wilnem grzmiało... Template:Webarchive, Magazyn Wileński, August 2007. Template:In lang</ref> Few days later, antagonized by worsening reception of his works among the Polish émigré community in Paris, including sharp criticism from Mickiewicz, Słowacki left on a trip to Geneva, Switzerland.<ref name="Murray2004"/> The French authorities denied him the right to return to France as part of a larger program to rid the country of the potentially subversive Polish exiles who had settled there.<ref name=bioMK/>

From 1833 to 1836, he lived in Switzerland.<ref name=polona/> The third volume of his poems, published in 1833 and containing works from the period of the Uprising, was far more nationalist in tone and won more recognition in his homeland.<ref name=bioMK/> At the same time, he wrote several works featuring Romantic themes and beautiful scenery, such as Template:Ill (In Switzerland), Rozłączenie (Separation), Stokrótki (Daisies) and Chmury (Clouds).<ref name=polona/><ref name="WarnerRunkle1902"/><ref name=bioMK/><ref name=mikos/>

In 1834 he published Kordian, a Romantic drama relating to the soul-searching of the Polish people in the aftermath of the failed insurrection; this work is considered one of his best creations.<ref name=alma/><ref name="WarnerRunkle1902"/><ref name=bioMK/><ref name="Murray2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Scheffer Zygmunt Krasiński.jpg
Zygmunt Krasiński

In 1836, Słowacki left Switzerland and embarked on a journey that started in Italy.<ref name=polona/> In Rome he met and befriended Zygmunt Krasiński, the third of the Three Bards.<ref name=alma/><ref name=sm1>Stanisław Makowski (1985), "Juliusz Słowacki", Literatura polska. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny, t. 2, Warszawa, p. 376. Template:In lang</ref> Krasiński is considered the first serious literary critic of Słowacki's work.<ref name=sm1/> Słowacki would dedicate several of his works, including Balladyna, to Krasiński and they would exchange a number of letters.<ref name=polona/> From Rome, Słowacki went to Naples and later, to Sorrento.<ref name=alma/> In August he left for Greece (Corfu, Argos, Athens, Syros), Egypt (Alexandria, Cairo, El Arish) and the Middle East, including the Holy Land (Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Jericho, Nazareth) and neighboring territories (Damascus, Beirut).<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> It was a journey Słowacki described in his epic poem Template:Ill ("Travel to the Holy Land from Naples"); his other works of that period inclucded the poem Template:Ill (The Father of the Plague-stricken), Template:Ill (Agamemnon's Grave), Rozmowa z piramidami (A talk with the pyramids), Anhelli and Listy poetyckie z Egiptu (Poetic Letters from Egypt).<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/><ref name=bioMK/> In June 1837 he returned to Italy, settling briefly in Florence, and moved back to Paris in December 1838.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/><ref name="Murray2004"/>

In 1840 Mickiewicz was elected to the position of professor of Slavic literature at Collège de France; it was one of the events that cemented his position over Słowacki in the Polish émigré community.<ref name=polona/> The rivalry between the two Bards for primacy would continue till the ends of lives.<ref name=polona/> In 1841 Słowacki traveled briefly to Frankfurt, but Paris would become his main home till his death.<ref name=alma/> In 1840 and 1841 he wrote two notable dramas: Template:Ill, the only of his dramas that was put on stage during his lifetime, and Template:Ill, published posthumously, well received by critics.<ref name="Murray2004"/> Over the next few years Słowacki wrote and published many works, including Testament mój (My Last Will), in which he described his faith that his works would endure after his death.<ref name=polona/><ref name="Murray2004"/>

Between 1841 and 1846, he published Beniowski, considered by some his best lyrical poetry.<ref name=bioMK/><ref name="Murray2004"/><ref name=mikos/> Starting as a story of a historical figure, it developed into a discussion of the poet's own life and opinions.<ref name=mikos/> In 1842 he joined the religious-philosophical group, Template:Ill (Circle of God's Cause), led by Andrzej Towiański. This group included, among others, Mickiewicz.<ref name="polona" /> Towiański's influence is credited with a new, mystical current in Słowacki's works, seen in works such as the Beniowski and the drama Template:Ill (Father Mark).<ref name=polona/> Słowacki left the Circle a year later, in 1843.<ref name=polona/>

In the summers of 1843 and 1844 Słowacki traveled to Pornic, a resort on the Atlantic coast in Brittany.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> It was there, in 1844, that he wrote Template:Ill (Genesis from the Spirit).<ref name=polona/> This work introduced his philosophical system that would have a visible influence on his works in his last decade.<ref name=bioMK/><ref name=mikos/> Around 1839 Słowacki put his capital into the Parisian stock market.<ref name=Rym-7-11>Template:Cite book</ref> He was a shrewd investor who earned enough from the investments to dedicate his life to his literary career; he was also able to pay the costs of having his books published.<ref name=Rym-7-11/>

Last years

File:Grób Słowackiego Montmartre.jpg
Tomb, Montmartre Cemetery, Paris

In the late 1840s Słowacki attached himself to a group of like-minded young exiles, determined to return to Poland and win its independence.<ref name=bioMK/> One of his friends was the pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Others included enthusiasts of his work, such as Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, Józef Alojzy Reitzenheim and Józef Komierowski.<ref name=polona/> Despite poor health, when he heard about the events of the Spring of Nations, Słowacki traveled with some friends to Poznań, then under Prussian control, hoping to participate in the Wielkopolska Uprising of 1848.<ref name=alma/><ref name=polona/> He addressed the National Committee (Komitet Narodowy) in Poznań on 27 April.<ref name=polona/> "I tell you", he declared as the rebels faced military confrontation with the Prussian Army, "that the new age has dawned, the age of holy anarchy." But by 9 May, the revolt was crushed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Arrested by the Prussian police, Słowacki was sent back to Paris.<ref name=alma/> On his way there, he passed through Wrocław, where in mid-June he was reunited with his mother, whom he had not seen for almost twenty years.<ref name=alma/> He returned to Paris in July 1848.<ref name=alma/> His poem Pośród niesnasków Pan Bóg uderza... (Among the discord God hits...), published in late 1848, gained new fame a century later when it seemed to foretell the 1978 ascent of Karol Wojtyła to the throne of St. Peter as Pope John Paul II.<ref name=polona/><ref name=focushist/> His final dramas (Template:Ill, Template:Ill), attempted to explain history of Poland through Słowacki's genesic philosophy.<ref name=bioMK/> In March 1849, Słowacki, his health failing, was visited three times by another Polish writer and poet, Cyprian Norwid, who later wrote about his visits in Template:Ill (Black Flowers. White Flowers).<ref name=polona/><ref name=bioMK/> Up to his final days, Słowacki was writing poetry; a day before his death he dictated passages of his final work, Template:Ill (King-Spirit).<ref name=polona/> This grandiose, visionary-symbolic poem, "summary of the entire Romantic culture", Słowacki's masterpiece, weaving together Poland's history and its contemporary political and literary thought, was never finished.<ref name=polona/><ref name=bioMK/>

Słowacki died in Paris on 3 April 1849 from tuberculosis, and on 5 April he was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.<ref name=alma/> He never married.<ref name=polona/> Only about 30 people attended his funeral.<ref name=alma/> Krasiński, although estranged from Słowacki in the last few years,<ref name=polona4/> wrote of the funeral:Template:Cquote

Słowacki's tombstone at Montmartre was designed by his friend and executor of his last will, painter Charles Pétiniaud-Dubos; it did not weather the passage of time well however, and in 1851 a new, similar tombstone was put in place, this one designed by Polish sculptor Władysław Oleszczyński.<ref name=alma/> In 1927 Słowacki's remains were moved to Wawel Cathedral in Poland, but an empty grave still remains at Montmartre.<ref>Marek Troszyński, ŚLADAMI SŁOWACKIEGO Template:Webarchive, Wiedza i Życie, 1999. Template:In lang</ref>

Work

File:Kondukt pogrzebowy na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie. Ze zbiorów Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa.png
Funeral, Kraków, 1927

Słowacki was a prolific writer; his collected works (Dzieła wszystkie) were published in 17 volumes.<ref name=polona2>Template:Cite web</ref> His legacy includes 25 dramas and 253 works of poetry.<ref name="Hochman1984">Template:Cite book</ref> He wrote in many genres: dramas, lyrical poems, literary criticism, letters, journals and memoirs, fragments of two novels, and a political brochure; he was also a translator.<ref name=polona2/> His letters to his mother are among the finest letters in all Polish literature.<ref name="WarnerRunkle1902">Template:Cite book</ref>

Although the majority of his works were in Polish, he tried his hand at several works in French language (Le roi de Landawa, Beatrix Cenci).<ref name=polona4/> Many of his works were published only posthumously, often under arbitrary titles, as Słowacki never named them himself.<ref name=polona2/> He also left notes on works that he never began or never completed.<ref name=polona2/><ref name="Hochman1984"/> Słowacki is also considered the father of modern Polish drama.<ref name="Hochman1984"/><ref>Julian Krzyżanowski (1972), Dzieje literatury polskiej, PWN, p. 278. Template:In lang</ref>

Polish literary historian Template:Ill divides Słowacki's work into four periods: Wolter's circle (pseudoclassicism), Christian ethic, Towiański's ethic and genesic ethic.<ref>Włodzimierz Szturc (1997), O obrotach sfer romantycznych. Studia o ideach i wyobraźni, Homini, Bydgoszcz. Template:In lang</ref> Other scholars offer slightly different periodizations; for example dividing his works into a classical period, a Swiss period, a Parisian period and a genesis period.<ref name="Hochman1984"/> Philologist Template:Ill combines Towiański's period with the genesic ones, speaking of a "mystical" period.<ref name=polona2/> Overall, Słowacki's early work was influenced by Byron and Shakespeare, and included works that was often historical in nature, like (as in Maria Stuart or Mindowe), or exotic, Oriental locales (as in Template:Ill).<ref name=bioMK>Michal Kosmulski, Juliusz Slowacki. 1999</ref><ref name=mikos/> His work took on a more patriotic tone following the failed November Uprising of 1830–1831.<ref name=bioMK/> His final works are heavy in mystical and philosophical undertones.<ref name=polona2/> In the 1840s he developed his own philosophy, or mystical system, with works such as Król-Duch and Genesis z Ducha being an exposition of his philosophical ideas ("Template:Ill") according to which the material world is an expression of an ever-improving spirit capable of progression (transmigration) into constantly newer forms.<ref name=bioMK/><ref name="Murray2004"/> As Ławski notes, his philosophical works can transcend clear boundaries of simple literary genres.<ref name=mikos/><ref name=polona2/>

Słowacki's works, situated in the period of romanticism in Poland, contain rich and inventive vocabulary, including many neologisms.<ref name="WarnerRunkle1902"/><ref name="Hochman1984"/> They use fantasy, mysticism and symbolism and feature themes related to Poland's history, essence of Polishness, and relation to a larger universe.<ref name="Hochman1984"/> Ławski, enumerating the main characteristics of Słowacki's writings, notes first that he was a "creationist", in the sense of creating new meanings and words (many of his characters bear names he invented himself, such as Kordian<ref name="SőtérNeupokoeva1977">Template:Cite book</ref>).<ref name=polona2/> Second, he notes that Słowacki was not only inspired by works of others, from poets and writers to scholars and philosophers, but that his texts were often a masterful, ironic-grotesque polemic with other creators.<ref name=polona2/><ref name="King2007"/> For example, Słowacki was so impressed by Antoni Malczewski's Template:Ill that he wrote a sequel to it, Template:Ill.<ref name=polona2/> Likewise, Kordian is seen as building on William Shakespeare's Hamlet,<ref name="King2007">Template:Cite book</ref> and as Słowacki's response to Mickiewicz's Dziady.<ref name="Murray2004"/><ref name=gazeta>Template:In lang Agnieszka Szurek, Kordian, gazeta.pl, 1 July 2008</ref> This Ławski calls "ivy-like imagination", comparing Słowacki's approach to that of an ivy, growing around works of others and reshaping them into new forms in a sophisticated literary game.<ref name=polona2/> Third, Słowacki was a master of irony; he used it not only on others, but on himself, and even on irony itself – the "irony of irony".<ref name=polona2/>

Legacy

File:Grobowiec Słowackiego Wawel.jpg
Tomb, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków

After his death, Słowacki acquired the reputation of a national prophet.<ref name=polona4/> He is now considered to be one of the "Three Bards" (Template:Langx) of Polish literature.<ref name=polona/><ref>Template:In lang wieszcz, Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</ref> Słowacki was not a very popular figure in Paris, nor among his contemporaries.<ref name=polona4>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=bioMK/><ref name=polona3>Template:Cite web</ref> He wrote many dramas, which can be seen as his favorite genre, yet he was a playwright who never saw any of his work performed on stage (only Mazepa was staged during his lifetime, and not in his presence).<ref name=polona4/><ref name="Murray2004"/> His works, written in Polish, dense with Slavic myths, philosophy and symbols, were difficult to translate to other languages.<ref name=polona4/><ref name=bioMK/> Słowacki's unpopularity among other Polish émigrés can be attributed to his unwillingness to pander to contemporary tastes; and in particular, his refusal to comfort his compatriots, shaken by the loss of Polish statehood and the failure of the November Uprising. Słowacki's ironic and sometimes pessimistic attitude was not appreciated by his contemporaries, nor was his denial of Polish uniqueness.<ref name=polona4/>

Whereas Mickiewicz followed the Messianic tradition and in Konrad suggested that Poland's fate was in the hands of God, Słowacki's Kordian questioned whether his country was not instead a plaything of Satan.<ref name=polona4/><ref name=mikos/><ref name=gazeta/> However, the same work has God and the Angels watching over Poland and the Earth. In Anhelli, Słowacki's describes the tragic fate of Polish exiles in Siberia, painting a gloomy vision of Poland's destiny; the same topic was taken by Mickiewicz in the Books of the Polish Nation and of the Polish Pilgrimage as a call for Poles to spread hope and spirituality across Europe.<ref name=bioMK/><ref name=mikos>M.J. Mikos, JULIUSZ SLOWACKI (1809–1849), 1999</ref> While a small circle of his friends talked about his wit, perseverance and inspiration, in popular memory he was a "sickly man of weak character", egocentric, bitter due to his failed rivalry with Mickiewicz. Mickiewicz himself wrote of Słowacki's work as a "beautiful church, but without God inside".<ref name=polona4/>

After his death, Słowacki gained a cult-like status in Poland; in particular, in the cultural center of Kraków.<ref name=alma/> Several obituaries and longer articles appeared in the Polish press upon Słowacki's death.<ref name=alma/> His works, many of them published posthumously for the first time, found growing acceptance among a new generation; an 1868 work noted that "Słowacki took the fancy of the Polish youth. He was its singer, its spiritual leader in the full meaning of the term".<ref name=polona3/> Through undoubtedly a poet of the romantic era, he was increasingly popular among the positivists and the authors of the Young Poland period in the late 1800s and early 1900s.<ref name="Hochman1984"/><ref name=polona3/> His works were popularized by other writers, such as Adam Asnyk and Michał Bałucki, and his dramas were shown in theaters.<ref name=alma/> He became a major literary figure for the new generation of Polish writers.<ref name=alma/> He also became respected abroad; a 1902 English language book edited by Charles Dudley Warner noted that "the splendid exuberance of his thought and fancy ranks him among the great poets of the nineteenth century".<ref name="WarnerRunkle1902"/>

In 1927, some eight years after Poland had regained independence, the Polish government arranged for Słowacki's remains to be transferred from Paris to Wawel Cathedral, in Kraków.<ref name=alma/><ref name=burial>Template:In lang Anna Agaciak, "Wielkie spory o narodowy panteon", Polska Times, 13 April 2010.</ref> He was interred in the Template:Ill, beside Mickiewicz.<ref name=burial/> Słowacki's interment at Waweł Cathedral was controversial, as many of his works were considered heretical by Polish Catholic-Church officials.<ref name=alma/><ref name=focushist/> It took almost two decades and the backing of Józef Piłsudski, for whom Słowacki was a favorite poet, to obtain the Church's agreement to interring Słowacki at Wawel Cathedral.<ref name=alma/><ref name=focushist>Template:In lang Słowacki. Heretyk królom równy Template:Webarchive, Focus.pl, 17 February 2010.</ref><ref name=burial/> At the 1927 ceremony, Piłsudski commanded:

Template:Verse translation

Several streets and schools in modern Poland bear Juliusz Słowacki's name. Three parks are dedicated to him: in Bielsko-Biała,<ref>Template:In lang Jerzy Polak (2000). Przewodnik po Bielsku-Białej. Bielsko-Biała, Towarzystwo Miłośników Ziemi Bielsko-Bialskiej; Template:ISBN, p. 79</ref> in Łódź<ref>Łódzkie parki – część 2 Template:Webarchive, Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi, 2009</ref> and in Wrocław. Template:In lang<ref>"UCHWAŁA NR LXXI/454/93 RADY MIEJSKIEJ WROCŁAWIA z dnia 9 października 1993 roku w sprawie nazw parków i terenów leśnych istniejących we Wrocławiu" Template:Webarchive, Wrocławski Serwis Internetow. Template:In lang</ref> There are several monuments of Juliusz Słowacki, including ones in Warsaw (2001)<ref>Template:In lang Pomnik Juliusza Słowackiego, Urząd m.st. Warszawy</ref> and Wrocław (1984).<ref>Pomnik Juliusza Słowackiego Template:Webarchive, Wirtualny Wrocław. Template:In lang</ref>

Among the most notable landmarks bearing his name is the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków, and the Template:Ill, Ukraine, opened in 2004 at his family's former manor house.<ref>Opening of The Slowacki Museum in Krzemieniec Template:Webarchive, culture.pl, 20 September 2004. Template:In lang</ref><ref>Marek Mikos, Nowe Muzeum Słowackiego, Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 April 2004. Template:In lang</ref> In 2009 the Polish Sejm (parliament) declared that year, the two-hundredth anniversary of Słowacki's birth, to be the Year of Juliusz Słowacki.<ref>Template:In lang 2009: Rok Juliusza Słowackiego, culture.pl; accessed 1 September 2015. It's true Template:In lang</ref> The oldest monument to Juliusz Słowacki, unveiled in 1899, is in Miloslaw Park.

In 2014, his 205th birthday was honored with a Google Doodle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Selected works

Drama

File:Slowacki.jpg
Słowacki monument, Wrocław

Poetry

File:POL COA Leliwa.svg
Family coat-of-arms, Leliwa

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Wikisource/outer core{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|showblankpositional=1|unknown=|1|2|3|diagnose|has|italic|italics|lang|nocat|position|title|wislink|works|wslink}} Template:Wikisource/outer core{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|showblankpositional=1|unknown=|1|2|3|diagnose|has|italic|italics|lang|nocat|position|title|wislink|works|wslink}} Template:Commons category Template:Sister project

Template:Three Bards Template:Romanticism Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Juliusz_Słowacki&oldid=611892"