Kaikōura Peninsula
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox mountain The Kaikōura Peninsula is located in the northeast of New Zealand's South Island. It protrudes Template:Convert into the Pacific Ocean. The town of Kaikōura is located on the north shore of the peninsula. The peninsula has been settled by Māori for approximately 1000 years, and by Europeans since the 1800s, when whaling operations began off the Kaikōura coast. Since the end of whaling in 1922 whales have been allowed to thrive and the region is now a popular whale watching destination.
The Kaikōura Peninsula is made up of limestone and mudstone which have been deposited, uplifted and deformed throughout the Quaternary. The peninsula is situated in a tectonically active region bounded by the Marlborough Fault System.
History
Māori oral history and tradition describes the demi-god ancestor Māui standing on Kaikōura Peninsula where he "fished up" or discovered the North Island. An old name for the South Island is Te Waka a Māui (the canoe of Māui), and the name of the North Island is Te Ika a Māui (the fish of Māui).<ref name="Elvy">Template:Cite book</ref> The peninsula has been inhabited by Māori for the best part of 1000 years. They used it as a base for hunting moa, and also harvested the plentiful crayfish which are found along the shore. Strategic positions on the high terraces were fortified and those fortifications can still be seen in lidar imagery of the peninsula<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
During the 19th century, European whaling stations were established in the area. In more recent times, the whales that visit the coast off the peninsula have been allowed to thrive, and whale-watching makes the area a popular ecotourism destination. Whales frequent these coastal waters because squid and other deep-sea creatures are brought from the deep Hikurangi Trough to the surface by the combination currents and steeply sloping seafloor.
Geology and geomorphology
The Kaikōura Peninsula is located on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Geologically the peninsula consists of an asymmetrical anticline bounded on either side by two synclines, the axis of which strikes northeast–southwest.<ref name="kirk">Template:Cite journal</ref> The peninsula is made up of two different types of sedimentary rocks, the Amuri Limestone of Palaeocene age and Oligocene aged mudstone. Intense folding and minor faulting have occurred, particularly in the limestone area. Shore platforms are developed in both lithological units, those in limestone displaying wider variability in morphology. The multi-level terraces were once wave-cut platforms, created at sea level and uplifted out of the sea by tectonic processes, at which point the next step would be cut. In the landscape they appear as a flight of terraces with the oldest appearing at the top and the youngest at the shoreline where the Kaikōura township is situated.<ref name="council">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The shoreline of the Kaikōura Peninsula is exposed to an extremely long fetch from the Pacific Ocean, and it is also characterised as a high-energy oceanic swell environment, with high-energy storms interrupting long periods of relative calm. High-energy storms due to the passage of cyclonic depressions over New Zealand can occur at any time of the year. The Kaikōura Coast has a mean tidal range of 1.36 m and a maximum of 2.57 m. The region has a temperate climate with moderate rainfall, averaging 865 mm per year and mean monthly temperatures range from 7.7 °C in July to 16.2 °C in January.<ref name="kirk" />
The Kaikōura Peninsula environment is subject to highly energetic processes in terms of both marine and weathering processes. Shore platforms are exposed to the dominant wave directions and are in the intertidal zone. Consequently, both marine erosive forces and subaerial weathering processes contribute to erosion.<ref name="stephenson">Template:Cite journal</ref> Shore platforms range from 40 m to over 200 m wide and are cut in Tertiary mudstones and limestones.
Tectonic uplift of the central parts of the peninsula is estimated to be in the order of 100 metres during the Quaternary<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but the terraces are tilting and so surface uplift is variable.<ref name=":0" /> Flights of beaches that fringe the Peninsula record a combination of uplift by earthquakes and sea level fall.<ref name=":0" /> The most recent uplift occurred during the Kaikōura Earthquake of 14 November 2016 and another probably occurred shortly before the arrival of whalers in the area around 1840.<ref name=":0" /> The shore platforms are polycyclic and contain inherent morphological features but are being actively rejuvenated by the removal of cover deposits.
Four main phases of tectonic activity are identified for the last 5–6000 years. These involve changing tectonic-eustatic levels, platform processes and erosional episodes in the hinterland. Consequently, the platforms are rapidly evolving features which reflect both contemporary processes and recent tectonic history.<ref name="kirk" />
Important Bird Area
The Kaikōura Peninsula is included within the Ka Whata Tu O Rakihouia / Kaikōura Important Bird Area designated by BirdLife International in the Kaikōura region. The Important Bird Area (IBA) covers Template:Convert and includes parts of the Kaikōura coastline and all of the Kaikōura Peninsula.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hutton's shearwater colony
The endangered bird species Hutton's shearwater is endemic to the Kaikōura region. As a conservation measure for the species, a new breeding colony (Te Rae o Atiu) was established on the Kaikōura Peninsula in 2005. First, a small transfer of 10 nestlings was sent in April 2005. After that, roughly 100 additional nestlings were moved annually each March in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2013. In the first years, there were heavy losses of chicks because of predation by cats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chicks translocated from the Kowhai colony were hand-fed in artificial burrows to ensure they would imprint on the new colony, and since 2010 have been returning there to breed.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A predator-proof fence was built around the Template:Convert site in February 2010 by the Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
There were 27 chicks hatched in the colony in 2024, making this the most successful season to date. Regular weighing of the chicks indicated that parents were struggling to bring back sufficient food for the chicks, and supplementary feeding was provided.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>