Kaluga

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Other uses Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality

Kaluga (Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River Template:Convert southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.<ref name="2021Census">Template:Ru-pop-ref</ref>

Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: Template:Lang, Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").

History

Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire".<ref>E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.</ref> During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.

On 19 January 1777, the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the Old Smolensk Road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

The German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.

Discovery of a Stone Idol

In 1953, on the outskirts of Kaluga, in the area of an old logging site near the Lesnichevka ravine, the local press reported the discovery of a small stone idol approximately 18 cm tall. The figurine is made of light-colored stone, has a simplified phallic shape, and features a large eye carved on the upper part of the figure. Based on fragmentary local-history commentaries from the mid-20th century, the find was interpreted as a possible depiction of a local household cult character conventionally referred to as Nilo, whose association was presumed to be linked with participants of ritual or comedic performances within the Kaluga region.

The original photograph of the artifact has not been preserved; the image circulated today is a modern visual reconstruction created from written descriptions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Demographics

Template:Historical populationsAs of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:<ref name="ВПН-2020">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ethnic group	Population	Percentage
Russians	310,622	91.9%
Armenians	4,527	1.3%
Tajiks	3,260	1.0%
Uzbeks	3,100	0.9%
Ukrainians	2,876	0.9%
Other	13,691	4.0%

Administrative and municipal status

Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.<ref name="Ref174">Charter of Kaluga Oblast</ref> Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref174" /> As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref274">Law #7-OZ</ref>

Economy

The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works, which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. Template:Asof the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,<ref>Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant Template:Webarchive, Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.</ref> with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.<ref>New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga, Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.</ref>

On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.<ref>PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia Template:Webarchive, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007</ref>

Transportation

The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis).

ZiU-682 trolleybus
ZiU-682 trolleybus
BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
Kaluga Airport
Kaluga Railway Station

Climate

Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as Template:Convert, while summer heat may reach up Template:Convert, but normal variation is between Template:Convert and Template:Convert during winter and between Template:Convert and Template:Convert during summer in Kaluga. Template:Weather box