Kathleen Lonsdale

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox scientist Dame Kathleen Lonsdale Template:Post-nominals (Template:Nee Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was an Irish crystallographer, pacifist, and prison reform activist. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene.<ref name = HMB /> She was the first to use Fourier spectral methods while solving the structure of hexachlorobenzene in 1931. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945<ref name="frs"/> (along with Marjory Stephenson), first female professor at University College London, first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography, and first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref name="ODNB">Template:Cite ODNB</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Or see alternative source Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} An overview of the scope and content of the collection of Lonsdale's papers that are kept at University College London.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} This article first appeared in The Irish Times, 13 December 2001.</ref><ref>Template:UK National Archives ID</ref>

Early life and education

She was born Kathleen Yardley in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was born to English-born Harry Yardley, the town postmaster, and Jessie Cameron, a Baptist of Scottish descent.

She was the youngest of ten children, four of whom died in infancy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During her time living in Newbridge she attended St. Patrick's National School,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and her earliest memories were of the local Church of Ireland service and the Methodist Sunday school.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Kathleen's father had issues with alcohol, which meant her family was often short on money.<ref name="paper-research.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As the political unrest in Ireland became more severe, Kathleen's mother separated from her father and took the rest of the family to England in 1908.<ref name="paper-research.com" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Her family moved to Seven Kings, Essex, England, when she was five years old.<ref name="ODNB" /> The family's financial troubles meant the four older children left school early to support the family. For the same reason, her brother Fred was unable to take up an educational scholarship, though he later become one of the first wireless operators.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kathleen attended Downshall Elementary school from 1908 to 1914.<ref name="Hudson">Template:Cite ODNB</ref> She studied at Ilford County High School for Girls, then transferred to Ilford County High School for Boys to study mathematics and science, because the girls' school did not offer these subjects. Kathleen achieved the highest score in physics that any student at London University ever had.<ref name="Hudson" /> She graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Bedford College for Women in 1922, and Master of Science (MSc) degree in physics from University College London in 1924.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Career and research

In 1924 she joined the crystallography research team headed by William Henry Bragg at the Royal Institution. Following her marriage in 1927, she moved to the University of Leeds, but continued to correspond with Bragg.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

While at Leeds between 1927 to 1932, she started a family but also set up X-ray equipment using a grant from the Royal Society. She balanced her work on the determination of space groups with the task of looking after her children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> While at Leeds the Professor of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold suggested that she investigate the crystal structures of hexamethylbenzene and hexachlorobenzene. In both cases she showed the molecules to have a planar, hexagonal structure settling the long-standing dispute about the structure of benzene. Her husband Thomas Lonsdale was a textile chemist who supported his wife's research. He encouraged his wife to work from home and to go back to work when offered.<ref name=":1" /> He worked at the Silk Research Association in Leeds after they were married.<ref name=":1" />

In 1934, Lonsdale returned to work with Bragg at the Royal Institution as a researcher. She was awarded a DSc from University of London in 1936 while at the Royal Institution. She was a pioneer in the use of X-rays to study crystals. Lonsdale was one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945<ref name=frs/> (the other was the biochemist Marjory Stephenson).

Lonsdale returned to University College London (UCL) in 1946 with the rank of reader.<ref name="Astrea bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1949, she was appointed Professor of Chemistry and head of the Department of Crystallography at UCL.<ref name="ODNB"/> She was the first woman to be made a professor at UCL,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> an appointment she held until 1968 when she was named professor emeritus.

As a keen table tennis player, Lonsdale made use of ping pong balls to demonstrate molecular structures to her students. One such model—of the silicate group Template:Chem2—is in the Science Museum collection <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During her later career, she became interested in stones and minerals produced in the human body e.g. kidney stones or gall stones.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of her crystallographic models are in the collection of the Science Museum in London.

Selected publications

• Lonsdale, Kathleen. (1936). Simplified Structure Factor and Electron Density Formulae for the 230 Space Groups of Mathematical Crystallography. London: Pub. for the Royal institution by G. Bell & sons, ltd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Lonsdale, Kathleen. (1947) "Divergent-beam X-ray photography of crystals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 240 (817): 219–250. 27 March 1947. doi:10.1098/rsta.1947.0002. ISSN 0080-4614
• Lonsdale, Kathleen. 1948. Crystals and X-Rays. London: G. Bell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Lonsdale, Kathleen (15 March 1968). "Human Stones". Science. 159 (3820): 1199–1207. doi:10.1126/science.159.3820.1199.
• Lonsdale, Kathleen (1952) Quakers visit Russia, Edited by Kathleen Lonsdale : an account of a visit to the Soviet Union in July 1951 by seven British Quakers, 145 pages. Published by the East-West Relations Group of the Friends Peace Committee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Other contributors: Margaret Ann Backhouse,<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> B Leslie Metcalfe, Gerald Bailey, Paul S Cadbury, Mildred Creak, Frank Edmead).

• Lonsdale, Kathleen. (1953). Removing the Causes of War. (Swarthmore Lecture, 1953.).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Lonsdale, Kathleen (1957). Is Peace Possible? [Harmondsworth, Eng.]: Penguin Books.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1959). Forth in Thy Name: The Life and Work of Godfrey Mowatt. Wykeham Press.<ref name="Lonsdale1959">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Kathleen Lonsdale building at University College London

Personal life

Lonsdale plaque, Newbridge

Pamphlet written by Kathleen Lonsdale on Prison Reform in 1943

After beginning her research career, in 1927 Yardley married Thomas Jackson Lonsdale. They had three children – Jane, Nancy, and Stephen. Stephen became a medical doctor and worked for several years in Nyasaland (now Malawi).Template:Citation needed

Lonsdale was a vegetarian and teetotaller.<ref name="frs"/>

Pacifism

Though she had been brought up in the Baptist denomination as a child, Kathleen Lonsdale became a Quaker in 1935, simultaneously with her husband. Already committed pacifists, both were attracted to Quakerism for this reason.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was a Sponsor of the Peace Pledge Union.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

She served a month in Holloway prison during the Second World War because she refused to register for civil defence duties or to pay a fine for refusing to register. During this time she experienced a range of issues which would eventually result in Lonsdale becoming a prison reform activist<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and she joined the Howard League for Penal Reform.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

What I was not prepared for was the general insanity of an administrative system in which lip service is paid to the idea of segregation and the ideal of reform, when in practice the opportunities for contamination and infection are innumerable, and those responsible for re-education practically nil.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1953, at the Yearly Meeting of the British Quakers, she delivered the keynote Swarthmore Lecture, under the title Removing the Causes of War. A self-identified Christian pacifist,<ref>Lonsdale, Kathleen Yardley. 1957. Is peace possible?. Penguin Books. p. 95</ref> she wrote about peaceful dialogue and was appointed the first secretary of Churches' Council of Healing by the Archbishop of Canterbury William Temple.<ref>Harpur, Tom. 2013. The Uncommon Touch. McClelland & Stewart. p. 76</ref>

Death

Lonsdale died on 1 April 1971, aged 68, from an anaplastic cancer, possibly related to her exposure to x-rays.<ref name="frs"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Legacy and honours

• In 1946 Kathleen Lonsdale was elected an Honorary Member of the Women's Engineering Society in recognition of her "brilliant and important work".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1956, she was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1966, she was elected as the first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography.<ref name=":0" />
• 1967, active in encouraging young people to study science, she was elected as the first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref name="ODNB" />
• 1969, she was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Lonsdaleite, an allotrope of carbon, was named in her honour; it is a rare harder form of diamond found in meteorites.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Several universities have buildings named in her honour including at University College London, at the University of Limerick,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and at Dublin City University,<ref>DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists Template:Webarchive Raidió Teilifís Éireann, 5 July 2017</ref> and Maynooth University.

• The Royal Irish Academy Chemistry Prize for the best chemistry PhD thesis in Ireland has been named in her honour since 2000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• A plaque was erected on Lonsdale's family home in Newbridge by the National Committee for Commemorative Plaques in Science and Technology in 2003, 100 years after her birth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The home, Charlotte House, was the post office at the time of her birth and is now the Newbridge Business Centre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• On 1 April 2021, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque at her childhood home in 19 Colenso Road, Seven Kings, London, where she lived from 1911 to 1927, aged 8–24.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• The Kathleen Lonsdale room at Friends House, London, UK is named after her.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

External links

• Lonsdale Papers at University College London
• Science in the Making Kathleen Lonsdale's papers in the Royal Society's archives
• Lonsdale's crystallographic models in the Science Museum, London - urea, magnesium ammonium phosphate and hydroxyapatite