Kawhia Harbour
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox settlement
Kawhia Harbour (Template:Langx) is one of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located to the south of Raglan Harbour, Ruapuke and Aotea Harbour, 40 kilometres southwest of Hamilton. Kawhia is part of the Ōtorohanga District<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is in the King Country. It has a high-tide area of Template:Convert and a low-tide area of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Te Motu Island is located in the harbour.
The settlement of Kawhia is located on the northern coast of the inlet, and was an important port in early colonial New Zealand.<ref name="kawhiaharbour">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The area of Kawhia comprises Template:Convert and is the town block that was owned by the New Zealand Government. The government bought it from the Europeans in 1880 "not from the original Māori owners, but from a European who claimed ownership in payment of money owed by another European".<ref name="kawhiaharbour"/>
History and culture
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Early history
Kawhia Harbour is the southernmost location where kauri trees historically grew.<ref name="HaywardGum">Template:Cite book</ref>
Kawhia is known in Māori lore as the final resting-place of the ancestral waka (canoe) Tainui. Soon after arrival, captain Hoturoa made it first priority to establish a whare wananga (sacred school of learning) which was named Ahurei. Ahurei is situated at the summit of the sacred hill behind Kawhia’s seaside marae – Maketu Marae. The harbour area was the birthplace of the prominent Māori warrior chief Te Rauparaha of the Ngāti Toa tribe, who lived in the area until the 1820s, when he, and his tribe along with Ngāti Rārua and Ngāti Koata migrated southwards.Template:Cn
Tainui was buried at the base of Ahurei by Hoturoa himself, and other members of the iwi. Hoturoa marked out the waka with two limestone pillars, which he blessed. Firstly, there is "Hani (Hani-a-te-waewae-i-kimi-atu) which is on the higher ground and marked the prow of the canoe". Marking the stern of the canoe, Hoturoa placed the symbol of Puna, the spirit-goddess of that creation story. "In full it is named Puna-whakatupu-tangata, and represents female fertility, the spring or source of humanity."Template:Cn
Marae
Maketu Marae is located next to Kawhia Harbour. The main meeting house of the marae, Auau ki te Rangi, is named after Hoturoa’s father, who was a high chief (ariki) and was built and opened in 1962.<ref name="maorimaps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The eldest and most prestigious meeting house that was first built on Maketu Marae is Te Ruruhi (the Old Lady) which was used as the dining hall until 1986. It was replaced by a two-storey dining hall, Te Tini O Tainui, to cater for the large numbers that visit for occasions such as annual poukai, tangi and hui.<ref name="waitomotourism">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The marae is affiliated to Waikato through the hapū of Ngāti Mahuta, with connections to Ngāti Apakura, Ngāti Hikairo, and Ngāti Te Wehi.<ref name="tkmentry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Six other marae are also based at or near Kawhia Harbour:
- Mōkai Kainga Marae and Ko Te Mōkai meeting house is a meeting place for the Ngāti Maniapoto hapū of Apakura and Hikairo, and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Apakura.
- Mokoroa Marae and Ngā Roimata meeting house is a meeting place for the Waikato hapū of Ngati Kiriwai.
- Ōkapu or Oakapu Marae and Te Kotahitanga o Ngāti Te Wehi meeting house is a meeting place for the Waikato hapū of Ngāti Mahuta and Ngāti Te Wehi.
- Te Māhoe Marae is a meeting ground for the Ngāti Maniapoto hapū of Peehi, Te Kanawa, Te Urupare and Uekaha.
- Waipapa Marae and Ngā Tai Whakarongorua and Takuhiahia meeting houses are a meeting place for the Ngāti Maniapoto hapū of Hikairo, and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Hikairo and Ngāti Puhiawe.<ref name="maorimaps" /><ref name="tkmentry" />
- Rākaunui Marae and Moana Kahakore meeting house is on Ngati Tamainu (Waikato) land, the hapu of whichu are Ngāti Te Kiriwai, Ngati Huiarangi, Ngati Te Kanawa, and Ngati Mahuta). It also affiliates to Ngāti Ngutu, Ngāti Paretekawa of Maniapoto, and Ngāti Apakura.
In October 2020, the Government committed $196,684 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Ōkapu Marae, creating 16 jobs.<ref name="maraepgf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
European history
The Kawhia Harbour area was important to the kauri gum trade of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, as it was the southernmost area where the gum could be found.<ref name="HaywardGum"/>
The Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser was established in May 1901 by William Murray Thompson and Thomas Elliott Wilson, who also ran the Bruce Herald, Waimate Times, Egmont Settler<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (later briefly part of Taranaki Central Press at Stratford)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Mangaweka Settler. From 1909 Edward Henry Schnackenberg, whose father was a missionary here from 1858 to 1864, owned the paper, until it closed in April 1936.<ref name=":02" />
In January 2018, the health board issued a statement that there was no additional risk from tuberculosis in Kawhia after reports of three possible cases.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Kāwhia as a rural settlement, which covers Template:Convert.<ref name="Area">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It had an estimated population of Template:NZ population data 2018 as of Template:NZ population data 2018 with a population density of Template:Decimals people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Pirongia Forest statistical area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Historical populations Kāwhia had a population of 378 in the 2023 New Zealand census, a decrease of 6 people (−1.6%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 42 people (12.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 186 males and 192 females in 168 dwellings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 57.8 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 48 people (12.7%) aged under 15 years, 36 (9.5%) aged 15 to 29, 168 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 126 (33.3%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 58.7% European (Pākehā), 55.6% Māori, 6.3% Pasifika, 1.6% Asian, and 1.6% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.8%, Māori by 19.0%, Samoan by 0.8%, and other languages by 2.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.4% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 1.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 9.5, compared with 28.8% nationally.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Religious affiliations were 28.6% Christian, 0.8% Hindu, 3.2% Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% New Age, 0.8% Jewish, and 0.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 57.9%, and 8.7% of people did not answer the census question.<ref name="Census 2023"/>
Of those at least 15 years old, 42 (12.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 180 (54.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 114 (34.5%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $27,000, compared with $41,500 nationally. 21 people (6.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was 102 (30.9%) full-time, 42 (12.7%) part-time, and 15 (4.5%) unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before 2018, Kawhia was in its own statistical area<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Year | Population | Households | Median age | Median income | National median |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 507 | 198 | 44.1 | $12,100 | $18,500 |
| 2006 | 390 | 171 | 49.2 | $15,100 | $24,100 |
| 2013 | 339 | 153 | 53.8 | $19,200 | $27,900 |
| 2018 | 384<ref name="Census 2018"/> | 162 | – | – | $31,800 |
| 2023 | 378<ref name="Census 2023"/> | 168 | 57.8 | $27,000 | $41,500 |
In 2013 231 dwellings were unoccupied.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the much wider Pirongia Forest area, 396 dwellings were unoccupied in 2018,<ref name="Census 2018" /> when it was estimated that 70% of Kawhia's houses were holiday homes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As of 2017, New Zealand's median centre of population is located around one kilometre off the coast of Kawhia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Pirongia Forest statistical area
Pirongia Forest statistical area, which also includes Hauturu, covers Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It had an estimated population of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 as of Template:NZ population data 2023 SA2 with a population density of Template:Decimals people per km2.
Template:Historical populations Pirongia Forest had a population of 984 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 18 people (1.9%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 156 people (18.8%) since the 2013 census. There were 489 males and 495 females in 429 dwellings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 53.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 150 people (15.2%) aged under 15 years, 108 (11.0%) aged 15 to 29, 450 (45.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 279 (28.4%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023 P"/>
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 63.1% European (Pākehā), 49.4% Māori, 4.0% Pasifika, 1.8% Asian, and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.9%, Māori by 13.1%, Samoan by 0.6%, and other languages by 2.7%. No language could be spoken by 1.5% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 8.8, compared with 28.8% nationally.<ref name="Census 2023 P"/>
Religious affiliations were 26.5% Christian, 0.3% Hindu, 3.7% Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.3% New Age, 0.3% Jewish, and 0.6% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 61.0%, and 7.6% of people did not answer the census question.<ref name="Census 2023 P"/>
Of those at least 15 years old, 108 (12.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 447 (53.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 270 (32.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $27,300, compared with $41,500 nationally. 45 people (5.4%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was 312 (37.4%) full-time, 117 (14.0%) part-time, and 30 (3.6%) unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023 P">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Te Puia Hot Springs
2 hours either side of low tide (for tide times, see tide-forecast.com)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> about 100 m off the Tasman Sea beach, 4 km from Kawhia (see 1:50,000 map<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), oozes hot water, which can be formed into shallow bathing pools with a spade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A council sample taken on 30 March 2006 listed these in the water.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Site | pH | Li | Na | K | Ca | Mg | Rb | Cl | SO4 | B | SiO2 | NH4 | HCO3 | S Total | F | Fe | 18OVSMOW | d2HVSMOW | Br |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te Puia | 7.9 | 9.21.71 | 3870 | 121 | 2150 | 107 | 0.094 | 9540 | 724 | 7.5 | 34.3 | 2.17 | 25 | 0.712 | 0.62 | 0.1 | -2.66 | -21.7 | 29.6 |
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Te Puia Springs are on the beach to the right from this track across the dunes. -
about 100 metres of beach oozes hot water, which is uncovered for about 4 hours at spring low tides, but not at neap tides.
Kawhia County Council
Kawhia County Council was formed in 1905<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and first met on 12 July 1905.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New offices were built by Buchanan Bros in 1915-16 over the former beach,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and designed by Hamilton architects and engineers, Warren and Blechynden.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1923, Kawhia County covered Template:Convert and had a population of 1,098, with Template:Convert of gravel roads, Template:Convert of mud roads and Template:Convert of tracks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kawhia Town Board was formed in 1906, with an area of 470 acres (190 ha). Its population in 1923 was 195, when it had 6 mi 14 ch (9.9 km) of streets and a 10 acres (4.0 ha) domain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The County merged into Ōtorohanga and Waitomo in 1956, after a Local Government Commission inquiry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Kāwhia Community Board
The Community Board meets monthly<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and consists of 4 members, plus the Kāwhia - Tihiroa Ward councillor. Three members are elected from the Kawhia area and one from Aotea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Pou Maumahara
In 2016, a Template:Convert tall pou maumahara (remembrance pillar) was put up at Omimiti Reserve, behind the museum. Te Kuiti Stewart began carving it in 2014, from a Pureora Forest totara. It represents 150 years of Kīngitanga on one side and the Elizabeth Henrietta's 1824 arrival, on the other. At night it is floodlit, with coloured LED lights inside.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hospital
Kawhia hospital overlooked the town, on the site of Te Puru pa,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which became the Armed Constabulary redoubt in 1863.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like the County Office, the hospital was also designed by Warren and Blechynden and opened in 1918.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was still a cottage hospital in 1948,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but had become a maternity hospital by 1959<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and closed in March 1967.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Education
Kāwhia School is a Year 1–8 co-educational state primary school.<ref name="official">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="moe">Template:TKI</ref> It is a decile 1 school with a roll of Template:NZ school roll data as of Template:NZ school roll data<ref name="ero">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A Kawhia School was established in 1845.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1863, the school was described as 'mixed' (racially). It was taught by Annie Allen and supervised by her future husband, Cort Schnackenberg.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The school, by then called Kawhia Native School, closed in 1904 in favour of the public school at Te Maika on the southern head of Kawhia Harbour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The current Kāwhia School moved to its present site in 1922.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable people
- Te Rangihaeata, chief, born about 1780
- John Kent, European trader, 1820s–1830s
- John Whiteley, Cort and Annie Jane Schnackenberg, missionaries<ref>Template:DNZB</ref>
- Hoana Riutoto, signatory of Treaty of Waitangi
- Jim Rukutai, rugby player, born about 1877
- Mary Reidy, sister at Kawhia Hospital 1921–1947
- Carole Shepheard (born 1945), artist
See also
- SH31
- Kairuku waewaeroa, extinct giant penguin