Ken Saro-Wiwa

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:For Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person

Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Template:Post-nominals (10 October 1941 – 10 November 1995) was a Nigerian writer, teacher, television producer, and social rights activist.<ref name=":4" /> He was a member of the Ogoni people, an ethnic minority in the Niger Delta whose homeland, Ogoniland,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> has been targeted for crude oil extraction since the 1950s and has suffered extreme environmental damage from decades of indiscriminate petroleum waste dumping.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Initially as a spokesperson, and then as the president, of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Saro-Wiwa led a nonviolent campaign against environmental degradation of the land and waters of Ogoniland by multiple international oil companies, especially the Royal Dutch Shell company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He criticized the Nigerian government for its reluctance to enforce environmental regulations on the foreign petroleum companies operating in the area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At the peak of his non-violent campaign, he was tried by a special military tribunal<ref name="aljazeera">Template:Cite web</ref> for allegedly masterminding the murder of Ogoni chiefs at a pro-government meeting, and was hanged in 1995 by the military dictatorship of General Sani Abacha.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His execution triggered international outrage and led to Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations for more than three years.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref>

Biography

Early life

Kenule Saro-Wiwa was born in Bori, near Port Harcourt, Nigeria, on 10 October 1941.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> He was the son of Chief Jim Wiwa, a forest ranger who held a title in the Nigerian chieftaincy system, and his third wife Widu. He officially changed his name to Saro-Wiwa after the Nigerian Civil War.Template:Sfn He was married to Maria Saro-Wiwa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His father's hometown was the village of Bane, Ogoniland, whose residents speak the Khana dialect of the Ogoni language. He spent his childhood in an Anglican home and eventually proved himself to be an excellent student. He received primary education at a Native Authority school in Bori, then attended secondary school at Government College Umuahia. A distinguished student, he was captain of the table tennis team and amassed school prizes in History and English.Template:Sfn

On the completion of his secondary education, he obtained a scholarship to study English at the University of Ibadan. At Ibadan, he plunged into academic and cultural interests, winning departmental prizes in 1963 and 1965. He was also affiliated with a travelling drama troupe that performed in Kano, Benin, Ilorin and Lagos and collaborated with the Nottingham Playhouse theater group.Template:Sfn

He briefly became a teaching assistant at the University of Lagos and later served as an African literature lecturer at University of Nigeria, Nsukka until the civil war broke out; he supported the Federal Government and so had to leave the region and return to Bori. On his journey to Port-Harcourt, he witnessed the multitudes of refugees returning to the East, a scene he described as a "sorry sight to see."Template:Sfn Three days after his arrival in Bonny, it fell to federal troops. His family then stayed in Bonny while he travelled back to Lagos and took a position at the University of Lagos, although this did not last long as he was called back to Bonny to serve as the port city's Civilian Administrator.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Nigerian Civil War he positioned himself as an Ogoni leader dedicated to the Federal cause.Template:Sfn He followed his job as an administrator with an appointment as a commissioner in the old Rivers State. His best known novel, Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (1985), tells the story of a naive village boy recruited to the army during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970, and intimates the political corruption and patronage in Nigeria's military regime at the time. His war diaries, On a Darkling Plain (1989), document his experiences during the war.

In the early 1970s, he served as the Regional Commissioner for Education in the Rivers State<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Cabinet, but was dismissed in 1973 because of his support for Ogoni autonomy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He was also a successful businessman and television producer. His satirical television series, Basi & Company, was wildly popular, with an estimated audience of 30 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the late 1970s, he established a number of successful business ventures in retail and real estate, and during the 1980s concentrated primarily on his writing, journalism and television production.<ref name=":6" />

He became involved in the political arena in 1977, running as the candidate to represent Ogoni in the Constituent Assembly; he lost the election by a narrow margin.Template:Sfn It was during this time he had a falling out with his friend Edwards Kobani.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

His intellectual work was interrupted in 1987 when he re-entered the political scene, having been appointed by the newly installed dictator Ibrahim Babangida to aid the country's transition to democracy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, he resigned because he felt Babangida's supposed plans for a return to democracy were disingenuous. His sentiments were proven correct in the coming years, as Babangida failed to relinquish power: In 1993, Babangida annulled Nigeria's general elections that would have transferred power to a civilian government, sparking mass civil unrest and eventually forcing him to step down, at least officially, that same year.<ref name="Oxford05">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Works

Saro-Wiwa's works include television, drama and prose writing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His earlier works from the 1970s to the 1980s were mostly satirical displays that portray a counter-image of Nigerian society.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp His later writings were more inspired by political dimensions such as environmental and social justice than satire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Transistor Radio, one of his best-known plays,<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp was written for a revue during his university days at Ibadan but still resonated well with Nigerian society.Template:Citation needed A radio adaptation of the play was produced in 1972 and, in 1985, he produced Basi and Company, a television adadption which ran until 1990. He included the play in Four Farcical Plays and Basi and Company: Four Television Plays. A farcical comedy,<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp the show chronicles city life and is anchored by the protagonist, Basi, a resourceful and street-wise character looking for ways to achieve his goal of obtaining millions, which always ends up as an elusive mission.Template:Citation needed

In 1985, the Biafran Civil War novel Sozaboy was published.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The protagonist's language was written in non-standard English or what Saro-Wiwa called "Rotten English",<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> a hybrid language of pidgin English,<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref> standard English and broken English.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Activism

In 1990, he began devoting most of his time to human rights and environmental causes, particularly in the land settled by the Ogoni people.<ref name=":7" /> He was one of the earliest members of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), which advocated for the rights of the Ogoni people. The MOSOP crafted the Ogoni Bill of Rights which set out the movement's demands, including increased autonomy for the Ogoni people, a fair share of the proceeds of oil extraction, and remediation of environmental damage to Ogoni lands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In particular, MOSOP struggled against the degradation of Ogoni lands by Royal Dutch Shell.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1992, he was imprisoned for several months by the Nigerian military government without trial.<ref name="guardian.ng">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He was Vice Chairman of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) General Assembly from 1993 to 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UNPO is an international, non-violent, and democratic organisation (of which MOSOP is a member).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its members are indigenous peoples, minorities, and under-recognised or occupied territories who have joined together to protect and promote their human and cultural rights, to preserve their environments and to find non-violent solutions to conflicts which affect them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In January 1993, MOSOP organised peaceful marches of around 300,000 Ogoni people<ref name="guardian.ng"/>– more than half of the Ogoni population – through four Ogoni urban centres, drawing international attention to their people's plight. The same year the Nigerian government occupied the region militarily.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Arrest and execution

He was arrested again and detained by Nigerian authorities in June 1993 but was released after a month.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 21 May 1994, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Saro-Wiwa had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was arrested and accused of inciting them. He denied the charges but was imprisoned for more than a year before being found guilty and sentenced to death by a specially convened tribunal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The same happened to eight other MOSOP leaders who, along with Saro-Wiwa, became known as the Ogoni Nine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Some of the defendants' lawyers resigned in protest against the alleged rigging of the trial by the Abacha regime. The resignations left the defendants to their own means against the tribunal, which continued to bring witnesses to testify against Saro-Wiwa and his peers. Many of these supposed witnesses later admitted that they had been bribed by the Nigerian government to support the criminal allegations. At least two witnesses who testified that Saro-Wiwa was involved in the murders of the Ogoni elders later recanted, stating that they had been bribed with money and offers of jobs with Shell to give false testimony, in the presence of Shell's lawyer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The trial was widely criticised by human rights organisations, and six months later, Saro-Wiwa received the Right Livelihood Award for his courage, as well as the Goldman Environmental Prize.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 8 November 1995, a military ruling council upheld the death sentences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The military government then immediately moved to carry them out. The prison in Port Harcourt was selected as the place of execution. Although the government wanted to carry out the sentences immediately, it had to wait two days for a gallows to be built. Within hours of the sentences being upheld, nine coffins were taken to the prison, and the following day a team of executioners was flown in from Sokoto to Port Harcourt.<ref name="apnews">Template:Cite web</ref>

On 10 November 1995, Saro-Wiwa and the rest of the Ogoni Nine were taken from the army base where they were being held to Port Harcourt prison.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They were told that they were being moved to Port Harcourt because it was feared that the army base might be attacked by Ogoni youths. The prison was heavily guarded by riot police and tanks, and hundreds of people lined the streets in anticipation of the executions. After arriving at Port Harcourt prison, Saro-Wiwa and the others were herded into a single room and their wrists and ankles were shackled. They were then led one by one to the gallows and executed by hanging, with Saro-Wiwa being the first. It took five tries to execute him due to faulty equipment.<ref name=apnews/> His last words were: "Lord take my soul, but the struggle continues." After the executions, the bodies were taken to the Port Harcourt Cemetery under armed guard and buried.<ref name="cemetery1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Anticipating disturbances as a result of the executions, the Nigerian government deployed tens of thousands of troops and riot police to two southern provinces and major oil refineries around the country. The Port Harcourt Cemetery was surrounded by soldiers and tanks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=apnews/>

The executions provoked a storm of international outrage. South Africa took a primary role in leading international criticism, with President Nelson Mandela urging Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations. Zimbabwe and Kenya also backed Mandela, with Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe backing Mandela's demand to suspend Nigeria's Commonwealth membership, although a number of other African leaders criticized the suggestion. Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations was ultimately suspended, and Nigeria was threatened with expulsion if it did not transition to democracy in two years.

The United Nations General Assembly condemned the executions in a resolution which passed by a vote of 101 in favor to 14 against and 47 abstentions.<ref name="UN press release">Template:Cite press release</ref> The European Union condemned the executions, which it called a "cruel and callous act", and imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria.<ref name="blockade">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The United States recalled its ambassador from Nigeria, imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria, and imposed travel restrictions on members of the Nigerian military regime and their families.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The United Kingdom recalled its high commissioner in Nigeria, and British Prime Minister John Major called the executions "judicial murder."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The US and British governments also discussed the possibility of an oil embargo backed by a naval blockade of Nigeria.<ref name=blockade/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation

The Ken Saro-Wiwa foundation was established in 2017 to work towards improved access to basic resources such as electricity and Internet for entrepreneurs in Port Harcourt.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> The association founded the Ken Junior Award, named for Saro-Wiwa's son Ken Wiwa, who died in October 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The award is presented to innovative start-up technology companies in Port Harcourt.<ref name=":1" />

Family lawsuits against Royal Dutch Shell

Template:Main

File:28.ShellOutOfNigeria.Protest.WDC.17November1995 (25165470719).jpg
Protest in Washington, D.C. against the killing of Saro-Wiwa and others, November 1995

Beginning in 1996, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), Earth Rights International (ERI), Paul Hoffman of Schonbrun, DeSimone, Seplow, Harris & Hoffman and other human rights attorneys brought a series of cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. The lawsuits are brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The cases were brought under the Alien Tort Statute, a 1789 statute giving non-US citizens the right to file suits in US courts for international human rights violations, and the Torture Victim Protection Act, which allows individuals to seek damages in the US for torture or extrajudicial killing, regardless of where the violations take place.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York set a trial date in June 2009. On 9 June 2009, just days before the trial was scheduled to commence, Shell agreed to an out-of-court settlement of US $15.5 million to victims' families. However, the company denied any liability for the deaths, stating that the payment was part of a reconciliation process.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a statement given after the settlement, Shell suggested that the money was being provided to the relatives of Saro-Wiwa and the eight other victims to cover the legal costs of the case and also in recognition of the events that took place in the region.<ref name=NYT>Template:Cite news</ref> Some of the funding is also expected to be used to set up a development trust for the Ogoni people, who inhabit the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Legacy

The execution of Saro-Wiwa marked the beginning of the international business and human rights (BHR) movement.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Saro-Wiwa and other members of the Ogoni Nine were granted a posthumous pardon by President Bola Tinubu on 12 June 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Tributes

Tributes to Saro-Wiwa include:

Artwork and memorials

Awards

Literature

Music

  • The fourth track on the 1996 album Vapaaherran elämää by Finnish band Ultra Bra is about Saro-Wiwa, entitled "Ken Saro-Wiwa on kuollut" ('Ken Saro-Wiwa is dead')
  • The title track of Italian noise rock band Il Teatro degli Orrori's 2009 album A Sangue Freddo ("In Cold Blood") is about Saro-Wiwa's struggle, and includes quotes from his works.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Naming

Documentaries

A BBC World Service radio documentary, Silence Would Be Treason, was broadcast in January 2022, presented by his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa and voiced by Ben Arogundade.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal life

Saro-Wiwa and his wife Maria had five children, who grew up with their mother in the United Kingdom while their father remained in Nigeria. They include Ken Wiwa and Noo Saro-Wiwa, both journalists and writers, and Noo's twin Zina Saro-Wiwa, a journalist and filmmaker.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, Saro-Wiwa had two daughters (Singto and Adele) with another woman.<ref name=":0" /> He also had another son, Kwame Saro-Wiwa, who was only one year old when his father was executed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Biographies

  • Canadian author J. Timothy Hunt's The Politics of Bones (September 2005), published shortly before the 10th anniversary of Saro-Wiwa's execution, documented the flight of Saro-Wiwa's brother Owens Wiwa after his brother's execution and his own imminent arrest. Owens fled to London and then on to Canada, where he is now a citizen and continues his brother's fight on behalf of the Ogoni people. It is also the story of Owens' personal battle against the Nigerian government to locate his brother's remains after they were buried in an unmarked mass-grave.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria (1998), edited by Abdul Rasheed Naʾallah, provides more information on the struggles of the Ogoni people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Onookome Okome's book, Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent (1999)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a collection of essays about Wiwa.
  • In the Shadow of a Saint: A Son's Journey to Understanding His Father's Legacy (2000), was written by his son Ken Wiwa.
  • Saro-Wiwa's own diary, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, was published in January 1995, two months after his execution.
  • In Looking for Transwonderland - Travels in Nigeria, his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa tells the story of her return to Nigeria years after her father's murder.

Bibliography

A collection of handwritten letters and poems by Saro-Wiwa and audio recordings of visits and meetings with family and friends after his death were donated to Maynooth University by Sister Majella McCarron.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The letters are now in the Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

Template:Portal bar

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Wikisource Template:Wikisource Template:Commons category

Template:Royal Dutch Shell Template:Evelyn F. Burkey Award Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Ken_Saro-Wiwa&oldid=211906"