Khan Yunis

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Khan Yunis (Template:Langx<ref name="name-ref-anera.org">Template:Cite web</ref>), also spelled Khan Younis or Khan Yunus, is a city in the southern Gaza Strip, Palestine, and serves as the capital of the Khan Yunis Governorate. It has been largely destroyed during the Gaza war.

Before the 14th century, Khan Yunis was a village known as "Salqah". A vast caravanserai, today known as Barquq Castle, was constructed there by the emir Yunis al-Nawruzi<ref name="abukhalaf" /><ref name=museumwnf>Template:Cite web</ref> in 1387–88, an official of the Mamluk Empire to protect caravans, pilgrims, and travellers.Template:Sfn

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Yunis had a population of 205,125 in 2017.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Khan Yunis, which lies only Template:Convert east of the Mediterranean Sea, has a semi-arid climate with temperature of 30 °C maximum in summer and 10 °C minimum in winter, with an annual rainfall of approximately Template:Convert.

History

Ancient period

Herodotus describes a city named Ienysos (Template:Langx) located between Lake Serbonis and Kadytis (modern Gaza city). He talks about how the Persian military marched through the location on its way to Egypt. He also describes how the coastal area between Kadytis and Ienysos was inhabited by local Arab tribes. Some sources, due to phonological resemblance of the names and due to the general matching of the geographic locations, associate this site with modern Khan Yunis.<ref name="abukhalaf">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Retsö">Retsö, J. (2014). The Arabs in antiquity: Their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads - "Chapter 9: The Age of the Achaemenids - Herodotus of Halicarnassus". Routledge.</ref>

Other sources have suggested a further inland location of "Khirbet Ma'in Abu Sitta" (Palestinian village depopulated in 1949, near modern kibbutz of Nir Oz)<ref>Abu-Sitta, S. H. (2017). Mapping my return: A Palestinian memoir. American University in Cairo Press.</ref> or the Egyptian town of Arish as possible locations of Ienysos, but there is no clear evidence to support this identification.<ref name="Retsö"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ancient discoveries in Khan Yunis feature a lintel with a Greek inscription, discovered repurposed in the tomb of Sheikh Hamada. The inscription translates to: 'Hilarion - giving thanks to St. Georgius.' Originally housed in the Musée de Notre Dame de France in Jerusalem, the lintel is currently lost.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Establishment by Mamluks

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The southern part of the historic khan (Barquq Castle) at Khan Yunis, 1930s

Before the 14th century, Khan Yunis was a village known as "Salqah".Template:Sfn A vast caravanserai, today known as Barquq Castle, was constructed there by the emir Template:Ill<ref name="abukhalaf" /><ref name="museumwnf" /> in 1387–88, an official of the Mamluk Empire to protect caravans, pilgrims, and travellers.Template:Sfn The growing town surrounding it was named "Khan Yunis" after him.<ref name="abukhalaf" /> Yunus was killed in battle in 1389.Template:Sfn Yunus was the executive secretary (Template:Transliteration), one of the high-ranking officials of the Mamluk Circassian sultan Barquq. The town became an important center for trade and its weekly Thursday market drew traders from neighboring regions.<ref name="abukhalaf" /><ref>Abu-Khalaf, Marwan. Khan Younis City. El-Agha. July 2002.</ref>

The khan served as resting stop for couriers of the barid, the Mamluk postal network in Palestine and Syria.

Ottoman period

Khan Yunis was the site of a minor battle in late 1516, when the Egypt-based Mamluks were defeated by Ottoman forces under the leadership of Hadim Sinan Pasha. The Ottoman sultan Selim I then arrived in the area where he led the Ottoman army across the Sinai Peninsula to conquer Egypt.<ref>Pitcher, p. 105.Template:Full citation needed</ref> During the 17th and 18th centuries the Ottomans assigned an Asappes garrison associated with the Cairo Citadel to guard the fortress at Khan Yunis.Template:Sfn

Pierre Jacotin named the village Kan Jounes on his map from 1799,<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. 173 Template:Webarchive</ref> while in 1838, Robinson noted Khan Yunas as a Muslim village located in the Gaza district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 117</ref> In 1863 French explorer Victor Guérin visited Khan Yunis. He found it had about a thousand inhabitants, and that many fruit trees, especially apricots were planted in the vicinity.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p.226 ff, pp. 249-250, p. 251</ref>

During the Ottoman period, the Bedouin tribe of 'Arab al-Wahidat (عرب الوحيدات) were among the residents of Khan Yunis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

At the end of the 19th century, the Ottomans established a municipal council to administer the affairs of Khan Yunis, which had become the second largest town in the Gaza District after Gaza itself.<ref>Feldman, 2008, p. 21</ref>

British Mandate

Khan Yunis 1931 1:20,000

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Khan Yunis had a population of 3890 inhabitants (3866 Muslims, 23 Christians, and one Jew),<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8</ref> decreasing in the 1931 census to 3811 (3767 Muslims, 41 Christians, and three Jews), in 717 houses in the urban area<ref name=censusP4>Mills, 1932, p. 4</ref> and 3440 (3434 Muslims and 6 Christians) in 566 houses in the suburbs.<ref name=censusP5>Mills, 1932, p. 5</ref>

In the 1938 village statistics, the population is listed as 4,379 (including three Jews) with 3,953 in nearby suburbs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1945 statistics, Khan Yunis had a population of 11,220 (11,180 Muslims and 40 Christians),<ref name=1945p31>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31</ref> with 2,302 (urban) and 53,820 (rural) dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46</ref> Of this, 4,172 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 23,656 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 87</ref> while 1,847 dunams were built-up land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 137</ref>

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1948–1967

Khan Yunis 1945 1:250,000

During the night of 31 August 1955, three Israeli paratroop companies attacked the British-built Tegart fort in Khan Yunis from where attacks had been carried out against Israelis.<ref name="Katz" /> The police station, a petrol station and several buildings in the village of Abasan were destroyed, as well as railway tracks and telegraph poles. In heavy fighting, 72 Egyptian soldiers were killed. One Israeli soldier was killed and 17 were wounded. The operation led to a ceasefire on September 4, forcing President Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Egyptian government to halt Palestinian fedayeen operations against Israel.<ref>Derori, 2005, p. 142</ref> One of the mechanized companies was commanded by Rafael Eitan.<ref name="Katz">Katz, 1988, p. 10</ref><ref>Morris, 1993, p. 350</ref>

Before the Suez War, Khan Yunis was officially administered by the All-Palestine Government, seated in Gaza and later in Cairo. After a fierce firefight, the Sherman tanks of the IDF 37th Armored Brigade broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade.<ref name="Varble, Derek page 46">Varble, 2003, p. 46</ref> It was the only site in the Gaza strip where the Egyptian army put up any resistance to the Israeli invasion of Gaza, but it surrendered on 3 November 1956.

There are conflicting reports of what happened. Israel said that Palestinians were killed when Israeli forces were still facing armed resistance, while the Palestinians said all resistance had ceased by then, and that many unarmed civilians were killed as the Israel troops went through the town and camp, seeking men in possession of arms.<ref name="un" />

The killings, dubbed the Khan Yunis massacre, were reported to the UN General Assembly on 15 December 1956 by the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, Henry Labouisse. According to the report, the exact number of dead and wounded is not known, but the director received lists of names of persons allegedly killed from a trustworthy source, including 275 people, of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents.<ref name="un">UNRWA Report to the UN General Assembly November 1 – December 14, 1956 Template:Webarchive.: "The town of Khan Yunis and the Agency's camp adjacent thereto were occupied by Israel troops on the morning of 3 November. A large number of civilians were killed at that time, but there is some conflict in the accounts given as to the causes of the casualties. The Israel authorities state that there was resistance to their occupation and that the Palestinian refugees formed part of the resistance. On the other hand, the refugees state that all resistance had ceased at the time of the incident and that many unarmed civilians were killed as the Israel troops went through the town and camp, seeking men in possession of arms. The exact number of dead and wounded is not known, but the Director has received from sources he considers trustworthy lists of names of persons allegedly killed on 3 November, numbering 275 individuals, of whom 140 were refugees and 135 local residents of Khan Yunis."</ref><ref name="ap">Template:Cite news</ref>

After 1959, the All-Palestine Government of Gaza Strip was abolished and the city was included in the United Arab Republic, which was shortly disestablished and the Gaza Strip came under the direct Egyptian military occupation rule.

1967 and aftermath

The Kaware house after bombing in 2014, see Kaware family home

In 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israel occupied Khan Yunis again.

As a result of the 1993-1995 Oslo Accords, Khan Yunis and most of the Gaza Strip (excluding Israeli settlements and military areas) were placed under the control of the Palestinian Authority.

Khan Yunis was the site of Israeli helicopter attacks in August 2001 and October 2002 that left several civilians killed, hundreds wounded and civilian buildings within the vicinity destroyed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Palestinian Authority came into control of the entirety of the Strip following the 2005 Israeli disengagement. However, following the Battle of Gaza in 2007, Hamas took over the Gaza Strip and established its own government in the region.

Israel–Gaza war

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Ruins of a mosque destroyed in Israeli airstrikes in Khan Yunis, on October 8, 2023
Damage in Khan Yunis in 2025

During the ongoing Israel–Gaza war, Israel has bombed Khan Yunis along with other cities in the Gaza Strip as part of an offensive against Hamas. The Israeli Air Force extensively bombed much of the city, including the Hamad City apartment complex.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Local sources have reported numerous civilian casualties in Khan Yunis as a result of Israeli bombings,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which Palestinian news agency Wafa put at "at least 70" as of December 3.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Al Qarara Cultural Museum was destroyed in an explosion as a result of an Israeli attack in October 2023, part of an offensive that reportedly targeted civilian homes and mosques in the vicinity.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Israeli armored units began entering the outskirts of the city in December 2023. After several months of fighting, Israeli forces ended up withdrawing from Khan Yunis and most of the southern Gaza Strip.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Having failed to root out Hamas from Khan Yunis,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Israeli forces began a second invasion of the city in late July 2024, which also ended in an Israeli withdrawal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Israeli forces invaded Khan Yunis yet again in August 2024, and withdrew once more at the end of the month.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the January 2025 ceasefire, Hamas forces were seen parading through Khan Yunis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following the resumption of the war in March, Israeli forces launched a fourth invasion of the city in May.

Economy

Khan Yunis is the second largest urban area in the Gaza Strip after Gaza City. It serves as the principal market center of the territory's southern half and hosts a weekly Bedouin souk ("open-air market") mostly involving local commodities.<ref>Thomas, p. 382.</ref> Template:As of Khan Yunis had the highest unemployment rate in the Palestinian territories.<ref>Irving, p. 230.</ref>

Education

Culture and heritage

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Barquq Castle

Barquq Castle was a Mamluk-era fortified mosque and caravanserai. It was very damaged by the Israeli army during the Gaza war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  • At the beginning of the 20th century
    At the beginning of the 20th century
  • Interior remains in 2016
    Interior remains in 2016
  • Barquq castle exterior in 2020
    Barquq castle exterior in 2020

Al Qarara Cultural Museum

Located in Al-Qarara, on the outskirts of Khan Yunis, the cultural museum tells the story of the history of Palestine. Key objects included Byzantine mosaics, swords dating to the Crusader period, thobes, as well as jewellery worn by women prior to the Nakba.<ref name="jinha">Template:Cite web</ref> It also included military items dating to the British Mandate in Palestine.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

The museum's structure, display cases, and collection were destroyed in October 2023 by Israeli forces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable people

International relations

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Khan Yunis beach

Twin towns – sister cities

Khan Yunis is twinned with the following cities:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

References

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Bibliography

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