Kilbourne Hole
Kilbourne Hole is a maar volcanic crater, located Template:Convert west of the Franklin Mountains of El Paso, Texas, in the Potrillo volcanic field of Doña Ana County, New Mexico. Another maar, Hunt's Hole, lies just Template:Convert south. Kilbourne Hole is notable for the large number of mantle xenoliths (solid fragments of mantle rock) that were carried to the surface by the eruption.
Estimates of the age of the crater vary from about 24,000 to about 80,000 years.<ref name="Cordell">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="wood">Template:Cite book</ref><ref> Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 1975, Kilbourne Hole was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is now part of Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument.
Geologic setting and formation
Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole are found in the central part of the Potrillo volcanic field, which also contains the Afton-Aden basalt flows. The area is part of the Rio Grande rift, where the Earth's crust is being stretched and thinned. The rift is characterized by deep sedimentary basins, recent faulting and volcanic activity, and unusually high heat flow upwards from the Earth's mantle. Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole are located on the same north-trending fault of the Fitzgerald-Robledo fault system.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989">Template:Cite journal</ref>
A maar forms when rising magma encounters sediment beds saturated with groundwater. The magma heats the groundwater to the point where the vapor pressure overcomes the weight of the overlying beds (the overburden pressure) and the beds are catastrophically blown out. Country rock is fragmented and expelled into the atmosphere together with fragments of the magma, creating a deep crater, the bottom of which sits below the pre-eruptive ground surface.<ref name="schmincke-2203-209-228">Template:Cite book</ref> The eruption that is attributed with the formation of the maar depression was dated to around 20,000 years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result of the eruption, the maar also experienced a collapse similar to that of a caldera.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Kilbourne Hole erupted through alluvium (unconsolidated water-deposited sediments), the Camp Rice Formation and through the pre-existing Afton basalt flow. Like most maars, it has a shallow rim, composed of erupted material that was deposited as thin pyroclastic surge deposits.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
Characteristics
The crater is at an elevation of Template:Convert. It has a diameter of Template:Convert and a depth of Template:Convert.<ref name = nlcd2016 >2016 National Land Cover (NLCD) dataset Kilbourne Hole</ref>
The hole is over a mile wide, and over Template:Convert deep, with crumbling cliffs all around except at the southwest corner. The rim cliffs, measuring about Template:Convert in height, are composed of basalt and exhibit clear columnar jointing (a feature common to many basalt cliffs, including those of Devils Postpile National Monument near Yosemite National Park and Moses Coulee in the Channeled Scablands of Washington), with characteristic reddish-purple, polygonal (mostly hexagonal) columns. The base of the cliffs is obscured by scree composed of blocks of basalt that have been dislodged from the columns above by the work of erosion and mechanical weathering. The basalt flow that comprises these columns pinches out (thins) and eventually disappears as it approaches the southwestern rim of the maar.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
The eastern and northern rim of the hole have low rim deposits of ejecta from the maar eruptions. These rest on the basalt flow where it is present or on older sediments. The ejecta at Kilbourne Hole contains dropstones launched as bombs, usually greater than 2.5 inches across<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a large number of xenoliths derived from the lower crust and mantle. These have been closely studied by geologists to learn more about geologic processes deep underground.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
Hunt's Hole is a little smaller, with basalt cliffs only at the northeast and southeast sides of the crater. Layers of ashfall and crumbling sediment also rise about Template:Convert high, on the south rim of the crater. Sand dunes have collected on the east sides of both craters, rising about Template:Convert above the desert floor. A dry lakebed lies on the floor of each crater.
Xenoliths
Kilbourne Hole is notable for the abundance of xenoliths in the crater ejecta. These are fragments of country rock carried intact to the surface by the eruption. Xenoliths at Kilbourne Hole include both upper mantle rocks and lower crustal rocks and are most abundant in the northern and eastern rim. Because these are samples of portions of the Earth that are inaccessible by mining or drilling, they are of great scientific interest.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
Most of the mantle xenoliths at Kilbourne Hole are composed of lherzolite, a rock composed mostly of olivine and pyroxene. The olivine has a distinctive pale green color in which the pyroxene forms black flecks. Wehrlite is occasionally found here as well.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
Deep crustal rocks include a variety of granulites of both high-silica (felsic) and low-silica (mafic) compositions, mostly charnockite and anorthosite.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These likely took less than three days to reach the surface from their place of origin, and show pristine composition and texture. Their characteristics show that they were little altered from their formation 1.6 to 1.8 billion years ago, other than some reheating during the opening of the Rio Grande rift.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
Xenoliths are almost entirely absent in the ejecta from Hunt's Hole, but xenoliths are found in Potrillo maar to the south.<ref name="padovani-reid-1989"/>
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Mantle xenolith embedded in basalt
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Mantle xenoliths
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Lower crust xenolith
NASA training
NASA geologically trained the Apollo Astronauts in April and November 1969, June 1970, and January and December 1971. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 12's Pete Conrad and Alan Bean, Apollo 14's Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell, Apollo 15's David Scott and James Irwin, Apollo 16's John Young and Charlie Duke, and Apollo 17's Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2017, a NASA field team visited the hole to test various instruments that are planned to be used in future space missions. Jack Schmitt attended the tests, as well as astronaut Barry Wilmore who was there to assist in simulated moonwalks at the hole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Access
Kilbourne Hole is located within Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument and administered by the Bureau of Land Management.<ref name=BLM>Template:Cite web</ref> It is accessed via Doña Ana County Road A-011, driving Template:Convert west from the railroad. The hole is "on the right, past the big tan dirt bank."<ref name=BLM/> Much of the land inside the hole is private property, and collecting rocks from the location is illegal. Hunt's Hole is about Template:Convert south on A-013.
See also
References
Further reading
Williams, Wendi JW (1999) Evolution of Quaternary intraplate mafic lavas detailed using helium-3 surface exposure and argon-40/argon-39 dating, and elemental and helium, strontium, neodymium and lead isotopic signatures: Potrillo volcanic field, New Mexico, United States of America and San Quintin volcanic field, Baja California Norte, Mexico. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Open Access Template:Coord Template:Authority control