Kiro Gligorov

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox officeholder Kiro Gligorov (Template:Langx, Template:IPA; 3 May 1917 – 1 January 2012) was a Macedonian and Yugoslav statesman, economist, and politician who served as the first president of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) from 1991 to 1999. He was born and raised in Štip, where he was also educated. He continued his education in Skopje and graduated in law in Belgrade. During World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, he worked as a lawyer and participated in the partisan resistance. By the end of the war, he was an organiser of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, the predecessor of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as a federal Yugoslav state.

After the war, he served in various positions in Yugoslavia. For decades, he was a high-ranking official and an economist there. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Gligorov was an adviser for Ante Marković's market reform plan. Gligorov later played a pivotal role in Macedonia's peaceful secession from Yugoslavia and its international recognition. In 1995, he survived an assassination attempt, of which the perpetrators have not been found. For his role in its independence and political development, international researchers and the Macedonian public regard him as the father of the Macedonian state.<ref name="politics">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early life

File:Members of the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia and other soldiers.jpg

Gligorov (top right) with other members of the General Staff of the Macedonian Partisans on Kozjak, Template:Circa

Kiro GligorovTemplate:Efn was born in Štip on 3 May 1917,<ref name="heads">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="rossos">Template:Cite book</ref> in the Bulgarian occupation zone of Serbia (now North Macedonia) during World War I,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> where he received his initial education. According to the news source Novinite, his father was a craftsman, and his mother was a housewife.<ref name="novini" /> Gligorov completed his secondary education in Skopje and later graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School.<ref name="wapo">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cook">Template:Cite book</ref> Before World War II, he participated in the Macedonian communist student movement.<ref name="rossos" /> When he was twenty, he was arrested by the Royal Yugoslav authorities for his political opposition to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but was released afterwards.<ref name="ramet">Template:Cite book</ref>

After the defeat of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in 1941, Gligorov returned to Skopje (then annexed by Bulgaria), where he worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by Bulgarian police on the accusation that he was a pro-Serbian communist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was released on the orders of Skopje Mayor Spiro Kitinchev, who guaranteed that he was a trustworthy Bulgarian citizen, of ethnic Bulgarian origin.<ref name="novini" /> During World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, he joined the partisans and participated in the resistance.<ref name="bechev" /><ref name="exyu">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="phillips">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1943, he became a member of the Template:Interlanguage link (ANOK), a group of the Communist Party of Macedonia which advocated for a United Macedonia.<ref name="mev1" /><ref name="anok">Template:Cite book</ref> Along with other communist activists and activists of the group, he saw the Macedonian Question as a pan-Balkan issue and its solution in the creation of a Balkan Federation.<ref name="anok" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Afterwards he became a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) and Antifascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM).<ref name="politics" /><ref name="cook" /><ref name="exyu" /> In ASNOM, he served as a secretary of the Initiative committee for its organisation and a finance commissioner in its presidium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="politics" /> On 2 August 1944, he took part in the first session of ASNOM as a delegate.<ref name="rossos" />

Politics

Yugoslavia

File:Kiro Gligorov 1965.jpg

Gligorov in 1965

After World War II, Gligorov moved to Belgrade.<ref name="ramet" /> Between 1945 and 1947, he held the office of Assistant Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He then served as Assistant Minister of Finance from 1947 to 1952. After this year, he held several positions: Assistant Chairman of the Economic Council of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia from 1952 to 1953, deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Economic Planning from 1953 to 1955, and Secretary of Economy - Coordinator in the Federal Government in 1956.<ref name="mev1">Template:Cite book</ref>

As a finance minister, he advanced early Yugoslav economic reform.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gligorov supervised the shift from a centrally planned economy to the enduring Yugoslav worker's councils. Managers and banks, rather than the state, would ensure budgetary discipline, even if this might bring the former into conflict with the workers they were supposed to represent.Template:Sfn

Under his predecessor's administration, companies had found themselves starved for capital, and misappropriated social insurance funds to purchase necessary improvements. Gligorov hoped that the shift to a market system would temporarily reduce consumption of wage goods to a sustainable level, while also stimulating investment into their production. Cuts in public expenditures attempted to release working capital to manufacturers, and a devalued Yugoslav dinar should improve their export competitiveness.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He and fellow Yugoslav politician Boris Kidrič established Ekonomska politika (Economic policy) in 1952, a Belgrade weekly newspaper, with the aim of promoting socialist market economy as an alternative to Soviet-style centrally planned economy. The newspaper became very influential, particularly among large Yugoslav firms, who were among its subscribers and supporters.<ref name="kovács">Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 1960s, he had the reputation of being a liberal economist and politician who wanted to implement market-oriented reforms.<ref name="rusinow">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="motyl">Template:Cite book</ref> Along with another Macedonian politician Krste Crvenkovski, he spoke out in favour of decentralisation.<ref name="rusinow" /><ref name="burg">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He thought that republican control over federal policy making was necessary.<ref name="burg" /> Gligorov was the Finance Minister of Yugoslavia from 1962 to 1967. In 1965, he was the co-creator of a marketisation program which was never implemented,<ref name="politics" /> because the plan was considered too liberal by Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.<ref name="motyl" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In this period, he was also a close collaborator of Tito.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He and his son Vladimir Gligorov in the 1970s published articles in the newspaper Ekonomska politika along with other reform-oriented economists, journalists, managers, and politicians such as Dragiša Bošković, Template:Interlanguage link, Ante Marković, Jože Mencinger, Stjepan Mesić, Milutin Mitrović, Marko Nikezić, Latinka Perović, Žarko Puhovski, Dragan Veselinov, and Veselin Vukotić, most of whom influenced Yugoslav economic and political thinking.<ref name="kovács" /> Gligorov held various other high-ranking positions in the political establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including as a member of both the Yugoslav state presidency and the party presidency (for the 9th and 10th electoral terms),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 15 May 1974 to 15 May 1978.<ref name="heads" /> In the 1980s, Gligorov was a critic of the subjective causes of the Yugoslav economic difficulties. He opined that the difficulties stemmed from "suppressing market laws and operating in a subjectivist way in which social and economic goals and plans were formulated not on the basis of our realistic possibilities, but rather on what our Socialist society would like to achieve."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1989, he was an adviser for Ante Marković's economic reform plan, which consisted of economic liberalisation, privatisation, the devaluation of the Yugoslav dinar and its pegging to the German mark, making it convertible.<ref name="meier">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Macedonia

He returned to Skopje in 1989.<ref name="independent"/> In February 1990, he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program.<ref name="mev1" /> Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, along with Vladimir Gligorov,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which discussed the status of the Yugoslav Federation and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on 25 January 1991 and an initiative by a group of prominent liberal politicians and intellectuals called the "Young Lions",<ref name="heraclides">Template:Cite book</ref> Gligorov was elected as the president of SR Macedonia by a large majority in the Macedonian Assembly on 27 January, succeeding Vladimir Mitkov.<ref name="bio">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="peace">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="meier" /> Ljubčo Georgievski, then the leader of VMRO-DPMNE, was elected to serve as the vice president of Macedonia, but he resigned from that position in October 1991, complaining that he and his party were politically marginalised, despite being the largest political faction.<ref name="balkans" /> Gligorov dedicated himself to the realisation of a three-point plan: Yugoslavia's preservation through a peaceful resolution of the crisis; the creation of a parliamentary democracy with the adoption of a new constitution and the promotion of national minorities' rights.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

On 7 March, he entrusted the mandate to Nikola Kljusev to form the first government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the same year, Gligorov along with Alija Izetbegović put forward the idea of a "Yugoslav confederation" (which was strongly supported by the international community),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but it was rejected by the other states of Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bechev" /> Thus his policy of preserving Yugoslavia as a confederation failed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When it became clear that Yugoslavia was being torn apart, Gligorov and the other leaders decided to initiate a referendum for independence on 8 September 1991. Many citizens ended up opting for independence, although the referendum was also boycotted by many members of the ethnic Serb and Albanian communities in the country.<ref name="balkans" /> Under his rule, Macedonia became the only state which seceded from Yugoslavia peacefully.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After independence, he became the first President of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Afterwards, Gligorov worked towards gaining international recognition of Macedonia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Domestically, Gligorov faced the challenge of finding a balance between two opposing political forces - the ethnic Macedonian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) and the ethnic Albanian Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He tried to balance the exclusionary demands of the nationalists with the inclusionary demands of the ethnic Albanian parties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gligorov was of the opinion that Albanians, a substantial ethnic group in the country, would always have a share in the governing of Macedonia and he firmly supported power-sharing with them.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="balkans" /> After Kljusev's government failed to secure international recognition in 1992, he asked Georgievski to form a new government, but he failed. Gligorov then gave the mandate to Branko Crvenkovski, who formed a coalition government, which also included two ethnic Albanian parties such as the Party for Democratic Prosperity and National Democratic Party. According to Andrew Rossos, he monitored Crvenkovski and the leaders of the ethnic Albanian parties as they worked together to resolve issues that divided ethnic Macedonians and Albanians.<ref name="rossos" /> While he was considered by Macedonians as a symbol of the state, many Albanians perceived him as having failed them by not supporting their demands. According to Abdurahman Aliti, former leader of PDP, Gligorov was a leading opponent to the inclusion of demands from the "Declaration for the Equal Rights of the Albanians in Macedonia" into the constitution. Other Albanians suggested that his influence on inter-ethnic stability in Macedonia was negative because he avoided addressing issues between Albanians and Macedonians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Economically, he was leading Macedonia towards full economic privatisation, while also trying to reach agreements with international financial institutions to receive funds for the economic transition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1992, he successfully negotiated the withdrawal of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) from Macedonian soil.<ref name="bechev" /> Due to concerns of the Yugoslav Wars spilling over into Macedonia, he requested the presence of UN peacekeepers, which were deployed later.<ref name="peace" /> As a result of the Macedonia naming dispute, the Republic of Macedonia was admitted into the United Nations under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Gligorov delivered his first speech before the General Assembly of the United Nations on 7 April 1993.<ref name="mev1" /> In the general election, he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on 16 October 1994.<ref name="ramet2">Template:Cite book</ref> On 12 September 1995, he signed the Interim Accord for the normalisation of relations with Greece at the United Nations Headquarters.<ref name="bio" /> On 2 October, in Belgrade, he signed a recognition agreement with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1998, Georgievski became the prime minister of Macedonia.<ref name="peace" /> The election for Gligorov's successor took place only a few days before the end of his term. He served as the president until 19 November 1999 and was succeeded by Boris Trajkovski.<ref name="novini" /><ref name="ramet" /> Following his presidency, he retired from politics.<ref name="exyu" />

Assassination attempt

File:Атентат врз Киро Глигоров.jpg

Gligorov's presidential car after the assassination attempt

On 3 October 1995, Gligorov was the target of a car bomb assassination attempt in Skopje. Disobeying instructions from his security advisers to sit in the back seat of his presidential car, he sat next to his driver.<ref name="shea">Template:Cite book</ref> While en route from his residence to his office, the car was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and a passer-by, as well as injuring several other passers-by and his security officer. Gligorov was seriously injured and was immediately transported to the hospital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The parked car contained an explosive which was activated remotely.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two persons in their mid-twenties were arrested immediately after the incident.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

An investigation into the assassination attempt was initiated and police experienced in terrorism investigations from Britain, United States, Greece and Germany also came to Macedonia to participate.<ref name="shea" /> There have been no suspects determined and no progress has been made in the investigation.<ref name="tstar">Template:Cite web</ref> However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after the bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs Ljubomir Frčkovski publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,<ref name=mrt>Template:Cite web</ref> with the Macedonian media pointing at the Bulgarian Multigroup and the Serbian Secret Service as possible suspects.<ref name=mrt/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During a meeting between Multigroup head Iliya Pavlov and Gligorov in Ohrid, Pavlov assured Gligorov that his organisation was not involved.<ref name=mrt/>

Gligorov was incapacitated until 17 November 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He became permanently blind in one eye and was facially scarred as a result of the attack.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Stojan Andov was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.<ref name="politics" /> After several months of treatment, on 10 January 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency.<ref name="faktor">Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life and death

File:The grave of Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov at the Butel city cemetery in Skopje.jpg

Gligorov's grave at the Butel cemetery in Skopje.

In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva, who died in 2009.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> They had one son and two daughters.<ref name=":1" /> His son, Vladimir Gligorov, was one of the founders of the Democratic Party in Serbia.<ref name="bechev" /> After his retirement from politics, he authored several memoirs and founded the Kiro Gligorov Foundation to publish his works, maintain his archives and serve as a think tank with an interest in studying the development of multi-ethnic societies.<ref name="birn" /><ref name="specat">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" /> In an interview for Vjesnik on 22 March 2001, he dismissed the Albanian demands for greater rights by claiming that they already had sufficient rights, as well as the need for the Albanian language to be declared an official language in areas where few Albanians live. He also supported a military solution to the insurgency in Macedonia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 2004 to 2005, he was a member of the international commission on the Balkans, headed by former Italian prime minister Giuliano Amato.<ref name="bechev" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In response to Macedonian political and diaspora organisations' claims of direct descent to Alexander the Great,<ref name="independent" /> Gligorov stated several times that the ethnic Macedonians are unrelated to the ancient Macedonians, as well as that they are a South Slavic people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In an interview with the Toronto Star on 15 March 1992, he said: "We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have no connection to Alexander the Great and his Macedonia. The ancient Macedonians no longer exist, they had disappeared from history long time ago. Our ancestors came here in the 5th and 6th century (AD)."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="heraclides" /> Among his associates and international researchers, he earned the nickname "the Fox" due to his political acumen and diplomatic skill.<ref name="phillips" /><ref name="ramet2" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> International researchers also saw him as a moderate politician.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official.<ref name="specat" /> In November 1999, when his second presidential term ended, he was 82 years old. Gligorov died at the age of 94 on 1 January 2012 in Skopje, in his sleep.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="birn" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At his own request, the funeral was private with only his closest family in attendance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some high-ranking officials and academics, such as then Macedonian president Gjorge Ivanov and Chief of General Staff Gorančo Koteski, came to pay their respects beforehand.<ref name="utrinski">Template:Cite web</ref> He was buried in Butel Municipality, Skopje.<ref name="utrinski" />

Memoirs

Gligorov authored the following memoirs:<ref name="specat" />

• Македонија е сè што имаме (Makedonija e se što imame; Template:Langx; 2000)
• Атентат - ден потоа (Atentat - den potoa; Template:Langx; 2002)
• Виорни времиња, Република Македонија – реалност на Балканот (Viorni vreminja, Republika Makedonija – realnost na Balkanot; Template:Langx; 2004)
• Сите југословенски (стопански) реформи (Site jugoslovenski (stopanski) reformi; Template:Langx; 2006)

Honours and legacy

Template:See also Gligorov won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state.<ref name="mev1" /> Following a speech at the University of Pittsburgh in the United States, he was awarded an honorary doctorate on 21 September 1997. He was awarded the Mediterranean Peace Prize on 5 January 1998 in Naples.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="mev1" /> In 2005, he became the first person to be awarded with the Republic of Macedonia's highest honour; the Order of the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name="birn">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Macedonian Diaspora.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other honours Gligorov received include:<ref name="faktor" />

• Template:Flagicon File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash (Unknown date)
• Template:Flagicon File:Order of the brotherhood and unity with golden wreath Rib.png Order of Brotherhood and Unity with golden wreath (Unknown date)
• Template:Flagicon File:Order of Labour with the red flag RIB.gif Order of Labour with red flag (Unknown date)
• Template:Flagicon File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 3rd Class BAR.svg Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1968)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Flagicon File:MKD Order of the Republic of Macedonia BAR.svg Order of the Republic of Macedonia (2005)<ref name="birn" />
• Template:Flagicon File:65 ann WW2 ribbon.jpg Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2010)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2017, he was posthumously honoured with the Order "Saint Nicholas" (St. Nikola) by the Municipality of Štip.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Skopje, one of the boulevards bears his name. A statue of him is present on the Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

External links

• Biography of Kiro Gligorov on the official website of the President of the Republic of Macedonia
• Biography of Kiro Gligorov