Kiyomizu-dera

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Template:Nihongo is a Buddhist temple located in eastern Kyoto, Japan. It belongs to the Kita-Hosso sect of Japanese Buddhism and its honzon is a hibutsu statue of Jūichimen Kannon. The temple's full name is Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera (音羽山 清水寺) . The temple is the 16th stop on the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage route.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Along with Kōryū-ji and Kurama-dera, it is one of the few temples in Kyoto that predates the foundation of the capital to Heian-kyō. It is also one of Japan's leading temples dedicated to the worship of Kannon, along with Ishiyama-dera (Ōtsu, Shiga) and Hase-dera (Sakurai, Nara). It is a famous tourist destination in Kyoto City, attracting many pilgrims throughout the year. The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

File:Circa 1880 detail, from- Adolfo Farsari - Kiyomizu Kyoto (cropped).jpg
Kiyomizu-dera circa 1880 by Adolfo Farsari

The origins of Kiyomizu-dera are shrouded in legend, with a sparsity of verifiable historical documentation. The legend of the founding of Kiyomizu-dera, is found in the Kiyomizu-dera Engi compiled by Fujiwara no Akihira and included in the Gunsho Ruijū (Collection of Classical Japanese Writings), the Kiyomizu-dera Engi Emaki (produced in 1520), the Konjaku Monogatarishū (Tales of Times Now Past and Present), and the Fusō Ryakuki (Records of the Buddhist Literature) contain legends about the temple's founding. According to these sources, the founding legend is roughly as follows:

In 778, Kenshin (later renamed Enchin), a monk of Kofuku-ji in Yamato Province and training at Kojima-dera (present-day Takatori, Nara), received a message in a dream that led him north to Mount Otowa, the site of Kiyomizu-dera in the Higashiyama area of Yasaka-go, Atago District, Yamashiro Province. When Kenshin discovered a golden stream, he traced its source and found a white-robed ascetic named Gyōei Koji, who had retreated to the mountain, practicing ascetic practices under the waterfall and praying to the Senjū Kannon (Sahasrabhuja). Gyōei Koji, who was 200 years old, told Kenshin, "I have waited many years for you to come. I am now leaving for the eastern provinces, so I leave the rest to you." He then left. Realizing that Gyōei was an incarnation of Kannon, Kenshin carved a statue of the Senjū Kannon from the sacred tree Gyōei had left behind and enshrined it in Gyōei's former hermitage. This is said to be the beginning of the temple. The waterfall where Gyōei Koji practiced ascetic practices later came to be called Otowa Falls, which is still on the grounds of Kiyomizu-dera.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" /> Two years later, in 780, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811), who had entered Mount Otowa to hunt a deer, encountered Kenshin. Tamuramaro had come to the mountain in search of deer blood for medicinal purposes to help his wife, Takako, recover from her illness. However, after being persuaded by Enchin of the sins of killing, he converted to faith in Kannon, donating his own house as the main hall to house the statue and naming the temple Kiyomizu-dera. Kiyomizu means "pure water".<ref name="PacificFriend">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SacredDestinations" /> Later, when he was appointed Shogun and ordered to pacify the Emishi in the eastern provinces, Tamuramaro is said to have visited Kiyomizu-dera, to pray for victory. Later, with the help of a young warrior and an elderly monk (incarnations of Bishamon-ten, the messenger of Kannon, and Jizō Bosatsu), he won the battles and returned safely to the capital. In 798, Tamuramaro, working with Enchin, extensively renovated the main hall and created statues of Bishamon-ten and Jizō as attendants to the Kannon statue, enshrining them together. Based on these legends, Kiyomizu-dera regards Gyōei as its founder, Enchin as its founding priest, and Tamuramaro as its principal patron.

In 805, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro was granted land for the temple by the Grand Council of State. In 810, the temple was officially recognized by Emperor Saga, and given the name "Kita Kannon-ji." The Pillow Book cites the festival at Kiyomizu Kannon as an example of a "noisy thing," and references to Kiyomizu Kannon in the "Yugao" chapter of Genji Monogatari and the Konjaku Monogatarishū, indicate that it was a well-known Kannon shrine in the mid-Heian period.

The Kiyomizu-dera complex has burned down nine times, recorded since the fire of 1063 (mentioned in the Fusō Ryakuki) until its destruction in 1629 in the early modern period.

Since the Heian period, it had long been under the control of the Hosso sect of Buddhism,<ref name=":1">Graham (2007), p. 32</ref> Kofuku-ji, and from the mid-Heian period it also held Shingon Buddhism. However, it was frequently caught up in the conflict between Kofuku-ji and Enryaku-ji, and was burned down in 1165 by an incursion by Enryaku-ji warrior monks.<ref name=":0" /> In 1469, the temple was destroyed by fire during the Ōnin War. The Ji sect's fundraiser, Gan'ami, was brought in to rebuild it. Prior to joining Kiyomizu-dera, Gan'ami had been involved in projects such as rebuilding bridges and temple buildings and providing public relief. He used fundraisers and connections he had made with important figures to lead the reconstruction project. The temple was granted a 130 koku estate for its upkeep by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The current main hall was rebuilt in 1633 after a fire in 1629 with a donation from Tokugawa Iemitsu.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Many of the other buildings were rebuilt around this time. In the early Meiji era, the temple changed its sect to the Shingon-shū Daigoji-ha school, but reverted to Hosso sect in 1885.

In 1914, Ōnishi Ryokei, the head priest of Kofuku-ji and head of the Hosso sect, became the chief priest of Kiyomizu-dera. Ōnishi separated from the Hosso sect in 1965 and founded the Kita-Hosso sect, becoming its first abbot. He served as the chief priest of Kiyomizu-dera for nearly 70 years until his death in 1983 at the age of 107, and is considered the "founder of its revival." In 1966, Ōnishi began holding bi-monthly Kita-Hosso Buddhist culture lectures, and in 1974, he founded the Japan-China Friendship Buddhist Association, contributing to international exchange, peace movements, and cultural activities through Buddhism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Present

The expression "to jump off the stage at Kiyomizu" is the Japanese equivalent of the English expression "to take the plunge".<ref name="SacredDestinations">Template:Cite web</ref> This refers to an Edo-period tradition that held that if one survived a Template:Convert jump from the stage, one's wish would be granted. During the Edo period, 234 jumps were recorded, and of the jumpers, 85.4 per cent survived.<ref name="SacredDestinations" /> The practice was prohibited in 1872.<ref name="SacredDestinations" />

The temple complex includes several other shrines, among them the Jishu Shrine, dedicated to Ōkuninushi, a god of love and "good matches".<ref name="PacificFriend" /> Jishu Shrine possesses a pair of "love stones" placed Template:Convert apart,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which lonely visitors can try to walk between with their eyes closed. Success in reaching the other stone with their eyes closed implies that the pilgrim will find true love.<ref name=".japanvisitor">Template:Cite web</ref>

The complex also offers various talismans, incense, and omikuji (paper fortunes). The site is particularly popular during festivals, especially at New Year's and during obon in the summer, when additional booths fill the grounds selling traditional holiday foodstuffs and souvenirs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2007, Kiyomizu-dera was one of 21 finalists for the New Seven Wonders of the World,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but was not picked as one of the seven winning sites. The temple was covered entirely by semi-transparent scaffolding while it underwent restoration works in preparation for the 2020 Olympics.

Architecture

Kiyomizu-dera is located in the foothills of Mount Otowa, part of the Higashiyama mountain range that dominates eastern Kyoto. The main hall has a large veranda, supported by tall pillars using Template:Ill, that juts out over the hillside and offers views of the city. There is not a single nail used in the entire structure. Large verandas and main halls were constructed at many popular sites during the Edo period to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Beneath the main hall is the Otowa waterfall, where three channels of water fall into a pond. Visitors can catch and drink the water, which is believed to have wish-granting powers. There is also the Tainai Meguri, a dark tunnel said to represent the womb of Daizuiku Bosatsu (the bodhisattva Mahāpratisarā).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:View of Kyoto from Kyriomizu-dera.jpg
View of Kyoto from the temple

Cultural Properties

National Treasures

National Important Cultural Properties

Structures

At Kiyomizu-dera, 15 structures are collectively designated an Important Cultural Property.

Other

National Places of Scenic Beauty

Kyoto Prefecture Designated Tangible Cultural Property

See also

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References

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Sources

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Template:Saigoku Sanjūsankasho Template:World Heritage Kyoto Template:Buddhist temples in Japan Template:Authority control

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