La Llorona

Statue of La Llorona on an island of Xochimilco, Mexico, 2015

Template:Lang (Template:IPA; Template:Gloss) is a vengeful ghost in Hispanic American folklore who is said to roam near bodies of water mourning her children whom she drowned in a jealous rage after discovering her husband was unfaithful to her. Whoever hears her crying either suffers misfortune or death and their life becomes unsuccessful in every field.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Origins

Known for being Malintzin in her original nomenclature, today, the lore of La Llorona is well known in Mexico and the southwestern United States.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The earliest documentation of La Llorona is traced back to 1550 in Mexico City. But there are theories about her story being connected to specific Aztec mythological creation stories. "The Hungry Woman" includes a wailing woman constantly crying for food, which has been compared to La Llorona's signature nocturnal wailing for her children.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The motherly nature of La Llorona's tragedy has been compared to Cihuacoatl, an Aztec goddess deity of motherhood. Her seeking of children to keep for herself is significantly compared to Coatlicue, known as "Our Lady Mother" or Tonantzin (who's also comparable to the Virgen de Guadalupe, another significant mother figure in Mexican culture), also a monster that devours filth or sin. She was in rage so much that she drowned her children and then was so sad that she drowned herself and now is called the weeping woman.

The legend of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout Mexico, Central America and northern South America.Template:Sfn Template:Lang is sometimes conflated with Template:Lang,<ref name="Leal 2005 134">Template:Cite book</ref> the Nahua woman who served as Template:Lang's interpreter and also bore his son.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both Iberian and Amerindian cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between Template:Lang and the Template:Lang of Aztec mythology,Template:Sfn as well as Eve and Lilith of Hebrew mythology.Template:Sfn Author Ben Radford's investigation into the legend of Template:Lang, published in Mysterious New Mexico, found common elements of the story in the German folktale "Die Weiße Frau" dating from 1486.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang also bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek tale of the demigoddess Lamia, in which Hera, Zeus's wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus. Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia kills other women's children.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Florentine Codex is an important text about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519, a quote from which is, "The sixth omen was that many times a woman would be heard going along weeping and shouting. She cried out loudly at night, saying, 'Oh my children, we are about to go forever.' Sometimes she said, 'Oh my children, where am I to take you?'"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

While the roots of the Template:Lang legend appear to be pre-Hispanic,<ref name="Leal 2005 134"/> the earliest published reference to the legend is a 19th-century sonnet by Mexican poet Manuel Carpio.Template:Sfn The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather Template:Lang is identified as the ghost of a woman named Rosalia who was murdered by her husband.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Regional versions

The legend has a wide variety of details and versions. In a typical version of the legend, a beautiful woman named María marries a rich ranchero / conquistador<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to whom she bears two children. One day, María sees her husband with another woman and in a fit of blind rage, she drowns their children in a river, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them and consumed by guilt,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> she drowns herself as well but is unable to enter the afterlife, forced to be in purgatory and roam this earth until she finds her children.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In another version of the story, her children are illegitimate, and she drowns them so that their father cannot take them away to be raised by his new wife.<ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> Recurring themes in variations on the Template:Lang myth include a white, wet dress, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mexico

The legend of Template:Lang is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture. Her story is told to children to encourage them not to wander off in the dark and near bodies of water such as rivers and lakes alone. Her spirit is often evoked in artwork,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> such as that of Alejandro Colunga.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang is a yearly waterfront theatrical performance of the legend of Template:Lang set in the canals of the Xochimilco borough of Mexico City,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which was established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1930s the reference and representation of La Llorona is seen in the production of films. La Llorona is portrayed as a vengeful and evil monster in many films. The classic film La Venganza de la Llorona (1974) produced by Miguel M. Delgado is one of the many popular renditions of La Llorona.<ref name=":0" />

In Chicano culture, the tale of La Llorona acts as a warning particularly for women on what is considered acceptable behavior within the culture. In Mexican culture La Llorona represents a vengeful lover who goes from a resentful wife to a monstrous mother who drowns her children after discovering her husband's infidelity. Chicana writers and artists redefined La Llorona based on embodied experience and the social and political pressures they faced. The rise of Chicana feminism and the Chicano movement encouraged Chicana writers and artists to reinvent their historical and cultural Mexican presence in the United States. La Llorona was rewritten as a strong woman who had been forced to accommodate to the colonizers ruling and had been punished for challenging traditional female roles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chicanas related to the agony that La Llorona faced while being stripped of her identity by Spanish colonizers. La Llorona symbolizes the pain and grief and became a metaphorical representation of the challenges and struggles faced by marginalized groups.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

Guatemala

According to the local legend, in Guatemala City lived a woman who had an affair with a lover. She became pregnant and gave birth to a child named Juan de la Cruz whom she drowned so her husband would not know. The woman was condemned in the afterlife to search for her murdered son in every place where there is a pool of water. She does that by crying out for himTemplate:Emdashhence her moniker of the Wailing Woman (Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a popular scary legend that in one iteration or another has been told to generations of children. The terrifying cry of "Oh, my children!!" (¡Ay mis hijos!) is well known due to the story. Additionally, one peculiar detail is that when a person hears the cry from afar means that the ghost is nearby, but if the cry is heard nearby, it means the ghost is afar. Someone unlucky enough to face the specter is "won over" to the afterlife, never to be seen again.Template:Citation needed The legend is deeply rooted in Antigua Guatemala, the former capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala (current Central America and southern state of Chiapas, Mexico)<ref>Cuevas García, Roberto (2010). Llorona. Guatemala: Artemis Edinter.</ref>

Ecuador

Throughout Latin America, there are various versions of the folktale of La Llorona. The Ecuadorian version often features a woman known as either La Llorona de Los Ríos (The Crying Woman of the Rivers) or La Llorona de Los Andes (The Crying Woman of the Andes) depending on the region. In this story, she lost her lover and, in desperation, drowned her children in a river.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She now cries uncontrollably and searches the riverbanks for her missing children. Many similarities exist between the traditional Mexican version of La Llorona, in which many people are familiar with.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nonetheless, one of its main focuses is the environment of Ecuadorian rivers and mountains. The Ecuadorian La Llorona is known for her connection to rivers, like the Guayas River, where locals say they can hear her somber cries at night. The tale of La Llorona warns kids about disobedience and the importance of avoiding bodies of water and locations at night, similar in other versions around the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

United States

In the Southwestern United States, the story of Template:Lang is told to scare children into good behavior,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> sometimes specifically to deter children from playing near dangerous water.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Also told to them is that her cries are heard as she walks around the street or near bodies of water to scare children from wandering around, resembling the stories of El Cucuy. In Chumash mythology indigenous to Southern California, Template:Lang is linked to the Template:Lang, a mythological creature with a cry similar to that of a newborn baby.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a very popular story.

Venezuela

The tale of La Llorona is set in the Venezuelan Llanos during the colonial period. La Llorona is said to be the spirit of a woman that died of sorrow after her children were killed, either by herself or by her family.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":3"/> Families traditionally place wooden crosses above their doors to ward off such spirits.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

Spain

The tales of La Llorona are seen differently in Spain, as detailed in Elvira, La Llorona published by José Maria León y Domínguez, a Jesuit academic from Cadiz. The tale begins with a woman named Elvira who experiences a devastating life which slowly led to her transformation into the spectral figure La Llorona.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other mythologies

In Eastern Europe, the modern Rusalka is a type of water spirit in Slavic mythology. They come to be after a woman drowns due to suicide or murder, especially if they had an unwanted pregnancy. Then they must stay in this world for a period of time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Greek legend of Jason and Medea also features the motif of a woman who murders her children as an act of revenge against her husband, who has left her.

In popular culture

Film

Actress representing La Llorona in The Mexican Dream, 2003

The story of Template:Lang first appeared on film in 1933's La Llorona, filmed in Mexico.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> René Cardona's 1960 film La Llorona was also shot in Mexico,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as was the 1963 horror film The Curse of the Crying Woman, directed by Rafael Baledón.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a pivotal scene in the 2001 film Mulholland Drive, Rebekah Del Rio plays La Llorona de Los Angeles, a mysterious singer who performs Llorando, a Spanish language version of Crying by Roy Orbison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In keeping with the legend, the characters who witness this performance suffer severe consequences.

The 2008 Mexican horror film Kilometer 31<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is inspired by the legend of Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite web February 15, 2007. Filmweb.</ref> Additionally the early 2000s saw a spate of low-budget movies based on Template:Lang, including:

• The River: The Legend of La Llorona<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Revenge of La Llorona<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Wailer: La Llorona<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Curse of La Llorona<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Lang is the primary antagonist in the 2007 movie J-ok'el.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2011 Mexican animated film La Leyenda de la Llorona, she is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother's hands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 2017 Pixar film Coco, "La Llorona", the Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941<ref name="jornada.com.mx">Template:Cite news</ref> is sung by Alanna Ubach in her role as Mamá Imelda, joined by Antonio Sol as the singing voice of Ernesto de la Cruz.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2019, James Wan, Gary Dauberman and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled The Curse of La Llorona for Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was directed by Michael Chaves and stars Linda Cardellini, Raymond Cruz, Patricia Velasquez and Marisol Ramirez as La Llorona.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Also in 2019, Jayro Bustamante directed the Guatemalan film La Llorona, starring María Mercedes Coroy, which screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Legend of La Llorona was a film released in January 2022 and stars Danny Trejo, Autumn Reeser, and Antonio Cupo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Theater

Mexican playwright Josefina López wrote Unconquered Spirits,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which uses the myth of Template:Lang as a plot device. The play premiered at California State University, Northridge's Little Theatre in 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Literature

Nancy Farmer's 2002 science fiction novel, The House of the Scorpion includes references to Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The legend of Template:Lang is discussed in Jaquira Díaz's 2019 memoir, Ordinary Girls: Template:Blockquote

The novel Paola Santiago and the River of Tears, the first part of a young adult trilogy by Tehlor Kay Mejia, is based on the legend of La Llorona.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Rodolfo Anaya's novel Bless Me, Ultima references La Llorona, describing her as a spirit of the river without mentioning her origins.

"Advice from La Llorona" by Deborah A. Miranda is a poem exploring grief and loss.

In Summer of the Mariposas, by Guadalupe Garcia McCall, she serves as a mentor to the Garza Sisters.

The Weeping Woman: Encounters with La Llorona by Edward Garcia Kraul and Judith Beatty, is a valuable resource that brings together of encounters and retellings of La Llorona with diverse perspectives and different regions.[1]

Bess Lomax Hawes, an American folklorist, published his article in 1968, La Llorona in Juvenile Hall containing details of the hauntings in California's juvenile detention facility with sightings of a “weeping woman.”[2]

Gloria Anzaldua's book Borderlands/La Frontera references La Llorona as one of the three mothers of Chicanas.

The Figure of the Monster in Global Theatre: Further Readings on the Aesthetics of Disqualification, is a valuable resource that gives insight on international perspectives on "monster" figures in writing. Makes many references to La Llorona and explores La Llorona within Chicano culture.<ref name=":0" />

Music

"La Llorona" is a Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941.<ref name="jornada.com.mx"/> It has since been covered by various musicians, including Chavela Vargas,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Joan Baez,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lila Downs,<ref name="wise-latina">Template:Cite web</ref> and Rosalía.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

North American singer-songwriter Lhasa de Sela's debut album La Llorona (1997) explored the dark mysteries of Latin folklore. She combined a variety of musical genres including klezmer, gypsy jazz and Mexican folk music, all in the Spanish language.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The album was certified Platinum in Canada,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and it earned her a Canadian Juno Award for Best Global Artist in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Manic Hispanic, a rock band from Los Angeles, California, have a song titled "She Turned Into Llorona" on their 2003 album Mijo Goes To Jr. College.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Template:Lang is the name of a fictional punk band in the alternative comic book Love and Rockets. They are known for their song "Two Faces Have I", the title of which is generally misheard as "Do Vases Have Eyes(?)".

Television

Template:Lang is an antagonist in the TV series Supernatural, portrayed by Sarah Shahi in the pilot episode and by Shanae Tomasevich in "Moriah" and season 15.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Lang is an antagonist in a 2012 second-season episode of the TV series Grimm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Lang appears in the Victor and Valentino episode "The Lonely Haunts 3: La Llorona" voiced by Vanessa Marshall. Contrary to the usual depictions, this version of La Llorona is good and simply lonely and claims to have had twenty kids who had all grown up and left her; implying that she suffers from Empty nest syndrome.

Template:Lang appears in the Craig of the Creek episode "The Legend of the Library" voiced by Carla Tassara. Craig and the Stump Kids visit their friend Stacks at the local library to get out of the rain. When the power goes out and their fellow Creek Kids begin disappearing, Stacks believes that La Llorona is to blame. In the end, it is revealed that the "ghost" was actually Lorraine, the substitute librarian who is very serious about her job. She makes the kids promise to take good care of the library along with a warning, showing a ghostly face at the same time. Whether or not Lorraine was in fact La Llorona or the face was imagined is left ambiguous.

Template:Lang appears in the Riverdale episode "Chapter 97: Ghost Stories". The characters tell ghost stories about people related to them or the town that had died. La Llorona is one. She haunts Sweetwater River and she also manages to possess Toni and take Betty's unborn child away.

Template:Lang is portrayed by drag queen, Mirage, during the 3rd episode of Season 16 of Rupaul's Drag Race. During this episode the queens had to show three different looks in the runway and she portrayed La Llorona in the second theme named "Significant Mother" where they needed to show an outfit based on an iconic mother.

Video games

Template:Lang appears as a collectible demon in Atlus's Shin Megami Tensei series of role-playing games, making her first appearance in the 1997 installment, Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers for the Sega Saturn.

Distilling

Tears of Llorona, an extra añejo tequila named after the ghost, earned the top score in its category at the 2025 World Spirits Championships.<ref name="tears">Template:Cite web</ref>

Bibliography

• de Aragon, Ray John. The Legend of La Llorona, Sunstone Press, 2006. Template:ISBN.
• Garcia, Belinda Vasquez. The Witch Narratives Reincarnation, Magic Prose Publishing, 2012. Template:ISBN.
• Mathews, Holly F. 1992. "The Directive Force of Morality Tales in a Mexican Community". In Human Motives and Cultural Models, edited by R. G. D'Andrade and C. Strauss, 127–162. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Template:Cite book
• Perez, Domino Renee. (2008). There Was a Woman: La Llorona from Folklore to Popular Culture. Austin: U of Texas Press. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book