Lake Maninjau
Template:Infobox lake Lake Maninjau (Template:Langx, meaning "overlook" or "observation" in the Minangkabau language) is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located Template:Convert to the west of Bukittinggi, at Template:Coord.
Formation
The Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago.<ref name="alloway2004">Template:Cite journal</ref> Deposits from the eruption have been found in a radial distribution around Maninjau extending up to Template:Convert to the east, Template:Convert to the southeast, and west to the present coastline. The deposits are estimated to be distributed over Template:Convert and have a volume of Template:Convert.<ref name="hadiwidjoyo1979">Template:Cite journal</ref> The caldera has a length of Template:Convert and a width of Template:Convert.<ref name="alloway2004"/>
The lake
Lake Maninjau has an area of Template:Convert, being approximately Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide. The average depth is Template:Convert, with a maximum depth of Template:Convert. The natural outlet for excess water is the Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. It is the only lake in Sumatra which has a natural outlet to the west coast. Since 1983, this water has been used to generate hydroelectric power for West Sumatra, generated around 68 MW at maximum load.
Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau. Villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur.
Maninjau is a notable tourist destination in the region due to its scenery and mild climate.Template:Fact It is also a site for paragliding.
Local fishing and agriculture
Two endemic species collected from the lake for local consumption and for export to markets outside the crater are pensi, a species of small mussel, and palai rinuak, a type of small fish. One method of preparing palai rinuak is to grill a mixture of the fish along with coconut and spices, wrapped in a banana leaf.
The lake is used for aquaculture, using karamba floating net cages. The technique was introduced in 1992 and, by 1997, there were over 2,000 cage units with over 600 households engaged. Each cage may have 3-4 production cycles each year. There is evidence of pollution around some karamba areas.
On the edge of the lake, land use includes rice fields in the swamps and the lower slopes. The villages are bordered uphill by a large belt of forest-like tree gardens, which dissolve into the upper montane forest on the steepest parts of the slopes up to the ridge of the caldera.<ref name="Michon2005"> Template:Cite book</ref>
The tree gardens include three typical components:<ref name="Michon2005"/>
- Fruit trees including durian, jack fruit, cempedak, rambutan, langsat, golden berries and water apples.
- Timber species including Toona sinensis and Pterospermum javanicum.
- Spice trees including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg and cardamum.
Sukarno's pantun
The first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, visited the area in early June 1948. A pantun he wrote about the lake reads:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Verse translation