Lake Vyrnwy
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Multiple issues Template:Short description Template:Infobox body of water Lake Vyrnwy (Template:Langx, Template:IPA or Template:Lang) is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, built in the 1880s for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks to supply Liverpool with fresh water. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy (Template:Langx) valley and submerged the village of Llanwddyn.
The Lake Vyrnwy Nature Reserve and Estate that surrounds the lake is jointly managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Hafren Dyfrdwy and is a popular destination for ornithologists, cyclists and hikers. The reserve is designated as a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area, and a Special Area of Conservation.
Geography
Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir in Powys, Wales, created in 1888 by flooding the head of the River Vyrnwy (Template:Langx) valley. The river flows from the dam into Shropshire where it converges with the River Severn near the village of Melverley on the Welsh border and outflows into the Bristol Channel.
When the reservoir is full, it is Template:Convert deep, contains Template:Convert, and covers an area of Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the equivalent of around 600 football pitches. The lake has a perimeter of Template:Convert with a road that goes all the way around it. Its length is Template:Convert.
The main watercourses flowing into the reservoir, clockwise from the west side of the dam, are the Afon Hirddu, Eunant, Afon Eiddew, Afon Naedroedd, Afon Cedig and Afon Y Dolau Gwynionew.
On the northern edge of the lake is a small hamlet called Rhiwargor where the rivers Afon Eiddew and Afon Naedroedd meet. Up the valley of Afon Eiddew is the waterfall of Pistyll Rhyd-y-meincau.
Climate
Construction
In 1879, George Deacon was instructed to prepare the parliamentary plans for the Vyrnwy Dam. The valley was chosen because of its size, favourable geology and its source, the River Vyrnwy, having a large water catchment area.Template:Citation needed
Thomas Hawksley was appointed as engineer-in-chief and prepared the design for a stone dam.<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> Dam construction with great blocks of Welsh slate started in 1881 and was completed in 1888. Hawksley resigned in 1885 because of a conflict with George Deacon who was appointed as joint engineer.Template:Citation needed The dam was the first large stone-built dam in the United KingdomTemplate:Citation needed and cost £620,000 (equivalent to £Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-yearTemplate:Inflation-fn).Template:Citation needed Earlier dams in Britain had been built using great earth embankments to hold back the water.Template:Citation needed In 1889, shortly after completion, the lake was stocked with 400,000 Loch Leven trout.
The aqueducts carrying water to Liverpool were constructed between 1881 and 1892.Template:Citation needed
Construction of the dam flooded the village of Llanwddyn. The residents of the village were not consulted about the proposal for a dam and opposed the plan. Their relocation involved the demolition of a church, two chapels, three inns, ten farmhouses, and 37 houses. A new settlement to house them was built lower down the valley by Liverpool Corporation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Description
The Vyrnwy dam is Template:Convert high from the bottom of the valley, and Template:Convert thick at the base; it is Template:Convert long and has a road bridge running along the top. It is decorated with 31 arches each spanning Template:Convert and two small towers each with four corner turrets rising Template:Convert above the road surface. The dam was the first to be constructed with drainage tunnels designed to prevent a build up of pressure beneath the base. It is listed as a Grade I historic building by Cadw.<ref>Template:Coflein</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
The dam was the first to carry water over its crest instead of in a channel at the side. At the bottom of the dam is a body of water known as a stilling basin necessary to absorb the energy when the water flows over the crest and into the valley, and to stop the water eroding the foundations of the dam.
A power house located under the west tower contains an electrical generator driven by water leaving the reservoir. Before mains electricity arrived in the 1960s this was the area's only source of power.
About Template:Convert from the dam is the reservoir's straining tower. Standing only Template:Convert from the shore, its purpose is to filter or strain out material in the water with a fine metal mesh, before the water flows along the aqueduct to Liverpool. Its architecture represents Gothic Revival, built at the same time as the dam. The tower as a whole is Template:Convert tall, Template:Convert of which is above top water level, and is topped with a pointed copper-clad roof, coloured light green.
The west and east towers release compensation water into the River Vyrnwy through huge valves; the river would dry up unless a minimum flow was maintained. Depending on the levels downstream, the reservoir can release from Template:Convert of compensation water daily. The flow is measured by Natural Resources Wales at a weir a few hundred metres downstream.
Water supply
19th century
The water from Lake Vyrnwy is carried Template:Convert in the Vyrnwy Large Diameter Trunk Main (LDTM) aqueduct which originally consisted of two pipelines, made largely of cast iron. To help maintenance work on the Template:Convert diameter cast-iron tunnel which took the aqueduct under the Mersey, riveted steel piping was also used, which was to become the norm for trunk water-main piping.
The aqueducts cross the valley floor near Penybontfawr and then run north of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Efail-rhyd on the north-east of the Tanat Valley. The aqueducts are largely underground although there are some visible surface features including air valves, the Cileos valve house, the Parc-uchaf balancing reservoirs, and a deep cutting to the west of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant.
Brick and concrete-lined tunnels carried pipes at Hirnant, Cynynion and Llanforda, and a fourth was later added at Aber, so that the Hirnant tunnel could be made accessible for maintenance.
20th century
The first section of a third pipeline was laid from 1926 to 1938 using bituminous-coated steel.<ref name="engineering">Template:Cite web</ref> in 1946, a fourth pipeline was added south of Oswestry to increase capacity to 227 million litres per day.<ref name="engineering" />
The pipe crossings beneath the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were reorganised in 1978–81. After privatisation of the water companies, responsibility for the Vyrnwy Dam and associated structures fell to Severn Trent Water, and since 2018 to its subsidiary company Hafren Dyfrdwy. The rights to the water abstraction are with United Utilities for drinking water supply to Liverpool.
21st century
In 2013, United Utilities commenced a major refurbishment of the entire Template:Cvt of the LDTM aqueduct, which was scheduled for completion in 2020.<ref name="pipeworks">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2014 water provision relied on three parallel, 80 km long gravity pipelines, Template:Convert in diameter delivering up to Template:Convert per day into reservoirs at Prescot, east of Liverpool, which supplied customers in Cheshire and Merseyside.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nature reserve and conservation
Template:Unreferenced section Lake Vyrnwy is a designated Nature Reserve. The RSPB has several bird hides around the lake, where a number of rare species of birds are known to be breeding, including the peregrine falcon, the pied flycatcher, the common redstart, the Eurasian siskin and the wood warbler. Every spring they host a dawn chorus tour.
Around 90 species of bird have been recorded as breeding on the reserve, and six species of bat, including the pipistrelle and brown long-eared bat. Butterfly species include purple hairstreaks, commas and peacocks. Dragonflies include golden ringed, common hawker and four spotted chaser.
Managing the moorland helps improve the habitat for red grouse and the short-eared owl. Heather moorland which grows on the mountains around the lake is nowTemplate:When being restored. In the past, heather was burnt, cut and the seeds collected to be sowed where the heather has gone. Burning at the Lake Vyrnwy moorland is no longer carried out, as the burning can have negative consequences for water management, namely water colouration.
Sheep, cattle and ponies also graze on the heather, managed by tenant farmers who farm the moorland in accordance with organic agriculture.
Broadleaf trees are being planted to replace coniferous trees, and man-made features such as hedgerows and dry-stone walls are also being restored, and wildflower areas are being restored to help insects, birds and other wildlife.
Tourism
Wood sculpture
Llanwddyn has had since 1995 a sculpture park in the valley below the dam, containing many wooden carved works. There are large wooden picnic benches in the shape of leaves and trees on the west side of the lake at Llechwedd Ddu. Near the old village on the beach is a sculpture of dolphins which, when the lake rises in a flood, appear to be jumping out of the water. Several totems are carved into standing trees and re-erected fallen trunks.<ref name="sculpture">Template:Cite web</ref>
Recreation
Activities in the area include sailing, hiking on Glyndŵr's Way, rock climbing, cycling, walking and horse riding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Lake Vyrnwy Half Marathon is conducted annually. The RSPB have laid out seven waymarked trails ranging from Template:Convert in a range of habitats.
Tallest tree
The site was once home to the tallest tree in the UK, a Douglas Fir Template:Convert high. This was damaged in stormy weather during the winter of 2010-2011 and had to be felled at 124 years old in March 2011. A Template:Convert stump was left intact, which in autumn 2011 had its top carved into a Template:Convert tall giant outstretched hand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A nearby Douglas Fir is now, at Template:Convert, the tallest tree in Wales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>